{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:59:11Z","timestamp":1790888351950,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":201,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005847","name":"Health and Medical Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["06173976"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06173976"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, the University","award":["06173976"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06173976"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microorganisms play an important role in regulating various biological processes in our bodies. In women, abnormal changes in the reproductive tract microbiome are associated with various gynecological diseases and infertility. Recent studies suggest that patients with recurrent implantation failure (RIF) have a reduced genus Lactobacillus population, a predominant bacterial species in the vagina and uterus that protects the reproductive tract from pathogenic bacterial growth via the production of various metabolites (e.g., lactic acid, bacteriocin, and H2O2). Moreover, a higher percentage of pathogenic bacteria genera, including Atopobium, Gardnerella, Prevotella, Pseudomonas, and Streptococcus, was found in the uterus of RIF patients. This review aimed to examine the role of pathogenic bacteria in RIF, determine the factors altering the endometrial microbiome, and assess the impact of the microbiome on embryo implantation in RIF. Several factors can influence microbial balance, including the impact of extrinsic elements such as semen and antibiotics, which can lead to dysbiosis in the female reproductive tract and affect implantation. Additionally, probiotics such as Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus were reported to have clinical potential in RIF patients. Future studies are needed to develop targeted probiotic therapies to restore microbial balance and enhance fertility outcomes. Research should also focus on understanding the mechanisms by which microorganisms generate metabolites to suppress pathogenic bacteria for embryo implantation. Identifying these interactions may contribute to innovative microbiome-based interventions for reproductive health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13040844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T10:47:41Z","timestamp":1744282061000},"page":"844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Microbiome\u2013Maternal Tract Interactions in Women with Recurrent Implantation Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Manish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2663-287X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5741-3920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luhan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Ho","family":"Sze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9491-5196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suranga P.","family":"Kodithuwakku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka"},{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Science, 51014 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William S. B.","family":"Yeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5957-439X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai-Fai","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, X.S., Louwers, Y.V., Laven, J.S.E., and Schoenmakers, S. 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