{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:40:57Z","timestamp":1792806057823,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Neurological Disorders","award":["K23 NS110470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 NS110470"]}]},{"name":"Stroke of the U.S. National Institutes of Health","award":["K23 NS110470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 NS110470"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryptococcal meningitis remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among individuals with HIV\/AIDS, particularly in resource-limited settings. Treatment begins with induction therapy followed by consolidation and maintenance. Evidence related to induction therapy has evolved significantly over the past decade. Current treatment relies primarily on three antifungal agents: amphotericin B, flucytosine, and fluconazole, each with distinct mechanisms of action and limitations. The World Health Organization\u2019s 2022 guidelines for induction therapy recommend a single high dose of liposomal amphotericin B combined with 14 days of flucytosine and fluconazole. The 2010 IDSA guidelines for induction therapy recommend amphotericin B deoxycholate and flucytosine for two weeks. The U.S. CDC\/NIH\/IDSA\/HIVMA joint guidelines and the ECCM\/ISHAM\/ASM joint guidelines list both options, but the recommendation varies by setting resources (e.g., resource-limited vs. other). The newer treatment approaches (single high-dose liposomal amphotericin B) that are supported by trials such as AMBITION-cryptococcal meningitis have limited adoption in high-resource settings, with recent studies showing that only 14% of North American infectious disease providers have utilized the regimen. Adjunctive medications, such as dexamethasone, tamoxifen, and sertraline, have proven ineffective or harmful in clinical trials. This review underscores the ongoing challenges in cryptococcal meningitis treatment and the need for continued research to improve patient outcomes, tracing the evolution from past monotherapy approaches to current combination strategies while exploring future directions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13040847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T11:26:41Z","timestamp":1744284401000},"page":"847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Induction Treatment for HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Dominique","family":"Milsap","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madison","family":"Okuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4503-4719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enos","family":"Kigozi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Unit, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Mugabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ssekindi","family":"Faizo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Bajer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Gakuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9431-8938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan C.","family":"Bahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, SE, MMC 250, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.10.006","article-title":"Cryptococcosis","volume":"30","author":"Maziarz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. 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