{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T04:29:48Z","timestamp":1789273788984,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The skin cannot be considered as just a barrier that protects against physical, chemical, and biological damage; it is a complex and dynamic ecosystem that varies across lifespans. Interest in the relationship between physical activity and skin microbiota has grown significantly in recent years. The skin microbiota has a crucial role in skin functions and physiology, and an imbalance, known as dysbiosis, is correlated with several diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), infectious disease, obesity, allergic disorders, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Among the causes of dysbiosis, the practice of physical exercise, especially in contact sports, including wrestling, artistic gymnastics, and boating, certainly represents a predisposing factor for infectious disease. This review aims to provide an overview of the skin microbiota and its regulation, focusing on interactions between physical exercise and skin microbiota, the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as regulators of skin microbiota, and the impact of probiotics supplementation on physical performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13040868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T11:26:41Z","timestamp":1744284401000},"page":"868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Skin Microbiome Overview: How Physical Activity Influences Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6355-5976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Mennitti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1126-0644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariella","family":"Calvanese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1092-6814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Gentile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aniello","family":"Vastola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Ingenito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Department of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Gentile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Department of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9587-2386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iolanda","family":"Veneruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"},{"name":"CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Via G. 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Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9273-3698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"D\u2019Argenio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Open University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3884-1043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"},{"name":"CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Via G. 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