{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T23:30:24Z","timestamp":1773703824294,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]],"date-time":"2025-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Milan"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Orthoherpesviridae is a large family of enveloped DNA virus. Among the most significant animal-infecting viruses are bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoAHV1), caprine alphaherpesvirus 1 (CpAHV1) and equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EqAHV1). Research into new methods to combat herpesvirus infections is ongoing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiviral activity of three extracts of the Helleborus bocconei roots against BoAHV1, CpAHV1 and EqAHV1. The roots were air-dried, extracted with methanol (MeOH) and then partitioned between n-butanol (n-BuOH) and water. All three extracts were tested for cytotoxicity on MDBK and RK-13 cells, and for antiviral activity. Two non-cytotoxic concentrations were assessed for their anti-BoAHV1, anti-CpAHV1 and anti-EqAHV1effects. Cells were incubated with the extracts for 72 h under three experimental conditions: pretreatment before viral infection, treatment post virus infection and simultaneous viral infection and treatment with extracts. The n-BuOH extract (BE) at 0.62 \u00b5g\/mL inhibited the cytopathic effects of all three viruses in the simultaneous assay. Additionally, no cytopathic effect was observed in MDBK cells infected with CpAHV1and treated with 0.31 \u00b5g\/mL BE post virus infection. Therefore, the BE contains molecules or groups of molecules potentially useful for developing an alternative therapy against herpesvirus (HV) infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13040891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T09:06:51Z","timestamp":1744621611000},"page":"891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Preliminary Data on the Antiviral Activity of Helleborus bocconei subsp. intermedius Root Extracts Against Animal Herpesviruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1766-5327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Galluzzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia \u201cA. Mirri\u201d, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Viale delle Scienze, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6766-9126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santina","family":"Di Bella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia \u201cA. Mirri\u201d, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6685-7109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Migliore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia \u201cA. Mirri\u201d, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3143-738X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Valeria","family":"Raimondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Viale delle Scienze, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6081-3402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Bivacqua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Viale delle Scienze, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3632-8799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gigliola","family":"Borgonovo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3440-8373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Princiotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Girgenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy, Via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Palumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy, Via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5813-5608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Dara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia \u201cA. Mirri\u201d, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Guercio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia \u201cA. Mirri\u201d, Via G. 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