{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:13:33Z","timestamp":1791519213436,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of the University (MUR)","award":["PRIN2022-UA.20-CUP E53D23001270006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN2022-UA.20-CUP E53D23001270006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Little is known about the complex events driving host\u2013pathogen and pathogen\u2013pathogen interplay in polymicrobial infections. Using an in vitro model of a reconstituted vaginal epithelium (RVE) employing the A-431 cell line supplemented with synthetic vaginal fluid (SVF), we studied the consequences of single versus dual infections with Candida albicans and\/or Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2). Our data show (a) a relevant, SVF-enhanced expression of the differentiation marker cytokeratin 5\/6 in the RVE; (b) the ability of Candida albicans to enhance HSV-2 in the dual infection model, with the virus titer almost doubling in the presence of SVF; (c) RVE damage (&gt;20%), mostly attributable to Candida albicans and related to oxidative stress whether SVF is present; (d) the dysregulation of mucin-1, the production of which is enhanced (from 13 to 21 ng\/mL) or impaired (from 21 to 10 ng\/mL) in response to either SVF or infection, respectively; and (e) a partial-to-negligible cytokine response from the RVE, depending upon SVF presence. In conclusion, using an in vitro RVE model upgraded through the addition of synthetic vaginal fluid, we provide details on epithelial cell\u2013pathogen\u2013pathogen interaction, contributing to a better comprehension of the pathogenesis of polymicrobial infections at a mucosal level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13040905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T08:11:39Z","timestamp":1744704699000},"page":"905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Candida albicans as a Trailblazer for Herpes Simplex Virus-2 Infection Against an In Vitro Reconstituted Human Vaginal Epithelium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4861-5759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Ricchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2692-1281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Caramaschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"Pathology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0766-7943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Sala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microbiology and Virology Unit, University Hospital Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Franceschini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Fabbiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9845-7399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Ardizzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4202-8293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Blasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3396-0000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Cermelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7004a1","article-title":"Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021","volume":"70","author":"Workowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm. 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