{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:46:53Z","timestamp":1792291613591,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China","award":["UGC\/FDS16\/M05\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGC\/FDS16\/M05\/22"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China","award":["UGC\/FDS16\/M08\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGC\/FDS16\/M08\/24"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China","award":["TBRF\/2024\/1.9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TBRF\/2024\/1.9"]}]},{"name":"Team-based Research Fund of Hong Kong Metropolitan University","award":["UGC\/FDS16\/M05\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGC\/FDS16\/M05\/22"]}]},{"name":"Team-based Research Fund of Hong Kong Metropolitan University","award":["UGC\/FDS16\/M08\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGC\/FDS16\/M08\/24"]}]},{"name":"Team-based Research Fund of Hong Kong Metropolitan University","award":["TBRF\/2024\/1.9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TBRF\/2024\/1.9"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ornamental fish represent a significant aquaculture sector with notable economic value, yet their contribution to antibiotic residues and resistance remains underrecognized. This review synthesizes evidence on widespread and often unregulated antibiotic use\u2014including tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones\u2014in ornamental fish production, transportation, and retail, primarily targeting bacterial diseases such as aeromonosis and vibriosis. Pathogenic microorganisms including Edwardsiella, Flavobacterium, and Shewanella spp. cause diseases like hemorrhagic septicemia, fin rot, skin ulcers, and exophthalmia, impairing fish health and marketability. Prophylactic and therapeutic antibiotic applications elevate antibiotic residues in fish tissues and carriage water, thereby selecting for antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). These resistant elements pose significant risks to fish health, human exposure via direct contact and bioaerosols, and environmental health through contamination pathways. We emphasize the urgent need for a holistic One Health approach, involving enhanced surveillance, stringent regulatory oversight, and adoption of alternative antimicrobial strategies, such as probiotics and advanced water treatments. Coordinated global actions are crucial to effectively mitigate antibiotic resistance within the ornamental fish industry, ensuring sustainable production, safeguarding public health, and protecting environmental integrity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13040937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]],"date-time":"2025-04-20T20:31:36Z","timestamp":1745181096000},"page":"937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Antibiotic Abuse in Ornamental Fish: An Overlooked Reservoir for Antibiotic Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7143-826X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun","family":"Au-Yeung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yat-Lai","family":"Tsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man-Hay","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ka-Wai","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sze-Nga","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuk-Ki","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheuk-Ming","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0791-890X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kit-Ling","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7732-2070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wing-Yin","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Roberts, H.E. 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