{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T19:31:37Z","timestamp":1778787097006,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]],"date-time":"2025-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The relevance of the current study is to increase the resistance of fungal biofilms to traditional disinfection methods. The aim of the study was to determine how effectively Er:YAG laser light inhibits single-species Candida biofilms. The study involved a systematic review of 57 scientific publications (2015\u20132024) selected according to specific criteria, followed by an assessment of quantitative and qualitative indicators of colony-forming unit reduction. The results show that under optimal parameters (power 1.5\u20133.9 W and duration 60\u201390 s), the Er:YAG laser can reduce the number of viable Candida albicans cells by an average of 70\u201390%, and when combined with sodium hypochlorite or chlorhexidine solutions, this figure can exceed 90%. Separate in vitro tests show that Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis require higher power or longer exposure to achieve a similar effect, while the use of the Er:YAG laser on titanium and dental surfaces minimizes damage to the substrate and effectively removes the biofilm matrix. In addition, laser treatment accelerates tissue regeneration and helps reduce the number of cases of reinfection, which is confirmed by the positive dynamics in clinical practice. Data analysis using confocal microscopy and microbiological seeding indicates a significant disruption of the biofilm structure and increased permeability to antimycotics after laser exposure. Er:YAG laser disinfection method is promising in counteracting fungal biofilms, especially for surfaces with a high risk of microbial colonization. The practical value lies in the possibility of developing standard protocols for the clinical use of the laser, which will increase the effectiveness of treatment and prevention of Candidal lesions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13040942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]],"date-time":"2025-04-20T20:31:36Z","timestamp":1745181096000},"page":"942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluation of the Disinfection Efficacy of Er-YAG Laser Light on Single-Species Candida Biofilms: Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Diana","family":"Dembicka-M\u0105czka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Office\u2014Artistic Smile Studio, 61\/1 Krakowska Street, 33-100 Tarn\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Gryka-Deszczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentalove Clinic Ltd., 19 Borzymowska Street, 03-565 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Sitkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GoodLight Clinic, Victoria Bridge Road, Bath BA2 3GG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksander","family":"Makara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luxmed Dentistry, 20a Rejtana Street, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Fiegler-Rudol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5673-7413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Wiench","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deeb, J., Smith, J., Belvin, B., Lewis, J., Grzech-Le\u015bniak, K., and Grzech-Le\u015bniak, K. 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