{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:36:49Z","timestamp":1789000609629,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Austrian defense research program FORTE of the Federal Ministry of Finance (BMF)","award":["886318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["886318"]}]},{"name":"Austrian defense research program FORTE of the Federal Ministry of Finance (BMF)","award":["P33867"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P33867"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund (FWF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["886318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["886318"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund (FWF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P33867"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P33867"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ticks are key vectors of zoonotic pathogens, and their expanding distribution in Europe heightens public health concerns. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, while tick distribution is well documented, molecular data on tick-borne pathogens remain limited. This study aimed to illustrate the presence and diversity of these pathogens, focusing on areas with high human activity. Ticks (n = 556) were collected in April 2022 from eight diverse locations, including urban parks, private properties, and rural sites. PCR-based screening was employed to detect Anaplasmataceae, Borrelia, Francisella, Piroplasmida, Rickettsia, and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), with subsequent sequencing to confirm results. Further characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was achieved via reverse line blotting (RLB) hybridization and sequencing. Ixodes ricinus was the most prevalent species, followed by Dermacentor marginatus and D. reticulatus. Our analysis revealed an overall infection rate of 22.1% in questing ticks, with Rickettsia spp. and Borrelia spp. predominating. Notably, seven Borrelia species were identified in I. ricinus, alongside Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Rickettsia helvetica, and R. monacensis, with co-infections mainly observed in peri-urban areas. This study provides the first molecular evidence of multiple tick-borne pathogens in the region, underscoring the need for further surveillance and risk assessment of tick-borne diseases in the region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13051054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T05:10:32Z","timestamp":1746076232000},"page":"1054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Molecular Typing of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ixodids of Bosnia and Herzegovina"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5217-801X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ina","family":"Hoxha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jovana","family":"Dervovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Ruivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4559-5960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michiel","family":"Wijnveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adelheid G.","family":"Obwaller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Science, Research and Development, Federal Ministry of Defence, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"J\u00e4ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBRN Defence Centre, Austrian Armed Forces, 2100 Korneuburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Weiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBRN Defence Centre, Austrian Armed Forces, 2100 Korneuburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0356-2853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Walochnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6875-7056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwin","family":"Kniha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1721-8474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amer","family":"Ali\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005967","article-title":"The global importance of ticks","volume":"129","author":"Jongejan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006070416135","article-title":"The ecology of ticks transmitting Lyme borreliosis","volume":"22","author":"Gray","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. 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