{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T23:22:39Z","timestamp":1791933759444,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MUI","award":["IIT D-155110-017-016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIT D-155110-017-016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aspergillus terreus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen and a major cause of aspergillosis. Its clinical significance is heightened by high mortality rates, dissemination, and resistance to amphotericin B, complicating treatment. The present study investigates the distribution of A. terreus in Tyrolean (Austria) soils and explores potential environmental factors influencing its uneven prevalence. Soil samples from the eastern and western parts of Tyrol were analyzed using soil extraction plating, the soil immersion tube method, and A. terreus-specific qPCR. The results revealed a significantly higher prevalence of A. terreus in the eastern region. Soil parameters, including pH, moisture, organic matter, total carbon, and nitrogen, were assessed for potential correlations with fungal distribution. The presence of A. terreus was significantly associated with lower pH, decreased total carbon and nitrogen, and lower soil density. Random sampling across Austria indicated a lower environmental frequency of A. terreus outside of Tyrol. The susceptibility profiles of amphotericin B, posaconazole, isavuconazole, and voriconazole were determined according to EUCAST guidelines, showing that 98.3% of isolates were wild type for amphotericin B, 100% wild type for voriconazole, 100% resistant to posaconazole, and 87.2% resistant to isavuconazole.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13061218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T05:52:52Z","timestamp":1748325172000},"page":"1218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring Factors Driving the Uneven Distribution of Aspergillus terreus in an Austrian Hotspot Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8914-0378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Schobert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISHAM Working Group of <i>A. terreus<\/i>, ECMM Excellence Center of Mycology, Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3368-3015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Illmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roya","family":"Vahedi-Shahandashti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISHAM Working Group of <i>A. terreus<\/i>, ECMM Excellence Center of Mycology, Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2946-7785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelia","family":"Lass-Fl\u00f6rl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISHAM Working Group of <i>A. terreus<\/i>, ECMM Excellence Center of Mycology, Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12061","article-title":"Aspergillus terreus complex: An emergent opportunistic agent of Onychomycosis","volume":"56","author":"Fernandez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fedorova, N.D., Khaldi, N., Joardar, V.S., Maiti, R., Amedeo, P., Anderson, M.J., Crabtree, J., Silva, J.C., Badger, J.H., and Albarraq, A. (2008). Genomic islands in the pathogenic filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS Genet., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000046"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slesiona, S., Gressler, M., Mihlan, M., Zaehle, C., Schaller, M., Barz, D., Hube, B., Jacobsen, I.D., and Brock, M. (2012). Persistence versus escape: Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus fumigatus employ different strategies during interactions with macrophages. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031223"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3148","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku241","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus terreus: An emerging opportunistic infection with poor outcome independent of azole therapy","volume":"69","author":"Hachem","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2008.01642.x","article-title":"Aspergillus flavus: An emerging non-fumigatus Aspergillus species of significance","volume":"52","author":"Krishnan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vahedi Shahandashti, R., and Lass-Florl, C. (2019). Antifungal Resistance in Aspergillus terreus: A Current Scenario. Fungal Genet. Biol., 131.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2019.103247"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780802562092","article-title":"Aspergillus terreus complex","volume":"47","author":"Balajee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00917-07","article-title":"Molecular typing of Aspergillus terreus isolates collected in Houston, Texas, and Innsbruck, Austria: Evidence of great genetic diversity","volume":"45","author":"Grif","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.10.021","article-title":"Geographically Predominant Genotypes of Aspergillus terreus Species Complex in Austria: S Microsatellite Typing Study","volume":"22","author":"Lackner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dietl, A.-M., Vahedi-Shahandashti, R., Kandelbauer, C., Kraak, B., Lackner, M., Houbraken, J., and Lass-Fl\u00f6rl, C. (2021). The Environmental Spread of Aspergillus terreus in Tyrol, Austria. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030539"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02099.x","article-title":"A 1-year Aspergillus terreus surveillance study at the University Hospital of Innsbruck: Molecular typing of environmental and clinical isolates","volume":"14","author":"Blum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steixner, S., Vahedi Shahandashti, R., Siller, A., Ulmer, H., Reider, N., Schennach, H., and Lass-Florl, C. (2023). Aspergillus terreus Antibody Serosurveillance in Tyrol: A Population-Based, Cross-Sectional Study of a Healthy Population. J. Fungi, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9101008"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vahedi-Shahandashti, R., Houbraken, J., Birch, M., and Lass-Florl, C. (2023). Novel Antifungals and Aspergillus Section Terrei with Potpourri Susceptibility Profiles to Conventional Antifungals. J. Fungi, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.1236.v1"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2005.05763.x","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcome of infections due to Aspergillus terreus: 10-year single centre experience","volume":"131","author":"Griff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01280-07","article-title":"Potential Basis for Amphotericin B Resistance in Aspergillus terreus","volume":"52","author":"Blum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zoran, T., Sartori, B., Sappl, L., Aigner, M., Sanchez-Reus, F., Rezusta, A., Chowdhary, A., Taj-Aldeen, S.J., Arendrup, M.C., and Oliveri, S. (2018). Azole-Resistance in Aspergillus terreus and Related Species: An Emerging Problem or a Rare Phenomenon?. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00516"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis442","article-title":"In vivo emergence of Aspergillus terreus with reduced azole susceptibility and a Cyp51a M217I alteration","volume":"206","author":"Arendrup","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020191","article-title":"Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis","volume":"347","author":"Herbrecht","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1536(40)80034-X","article-title":"A method of isolating soil fungi","volume":"24","author":"Chesters","year":"1940","journal-title":"Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (2024, July 11). EUCAST Method for Susceptibility Testing of Moulds. Available online: https:\/\/www.eucast.org\/astoffungi\/methodsinantifungalsusceptibilitytesting\/ast_of_moulds."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2024, November 07). Land Tirol-data.tirol.gv.at eGrundkarte Tirol. Available online: http:\/\/wmts.kartetirol.at\/wmts."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Bundesforschungs- und Ausbildungszentrum f\u00fcr Wald, N.u.L.B. (2024, June 20). \u201ceBOD\u201d\u2014Digitale Bodenkarte \u00d6sterreichs. Available online: https:\/\/bodenkarte.at."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Austria, G. (2024, December 18). INCA Stundendaten. Available online: https:\/\/data.hub.geosphere.at\/dataset\/inca-v1-1h-1km."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Statistics Austria (2024, December 20). STATAtlas. Available online: https:\/\/www.statistik.at\/atlas\/."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (2025, February 08). Overview of Antifungal ECOFFs and Clinical Breakpoints for Yeasts, Moulds and Dermatophytes Using the EUCAST E.Def 7.4, E.Def 9.4 and E.Def 11.0 Procedures. Available online: https:\/\/www.eucast.org\/fileadmin\/src\/media\/PDFs\/EUCAST_files\/AFST\/Clinical_breakpoints\/BP_ECOFF_v5.0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780500488939","article-title":"Outdoor Environmental Levels of Aspergillus spp. Conidia Over a Wide Geographical Area","volume":"44","author":"Guinea","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0953-7562(89)80008-5","article-title":"Seasonal Fluctuations of Airborne Fungal Allergens","volume":"92","author":"Ebner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mycol. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burke, D.J. (2015). Effects of annual and interannual environmental variability on soil fungi associated with an old-growth, temperate hardwood forest. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 91.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiv053"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12481","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics of fungal communities in a temperate oak forest soil","volume":"201","author":"Voriskova","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, Y., Yuan, Y., Zhang, X., Cheng, Y., and Borjigin, S. (2022). Comparison of the Responses of Soil Fungal Community to Straw, Inorganic Fertilizer, and Compost in a Farmland in the Loess Plateau. Microbiol. Spectr., 10.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02230-21"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pontiroli, A., Travis, E.R., Sweeney, F.P., Porter, D., Gaze, W.H., Mason, S., Hibberd, V., Holden, J., Courtenay, O., and Wellington, E.M. (2011). Pathogen quantitation in complex matrices: A multi-operator comparison of DNA extraction methods with a novel assessment of PCR inhibition. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017916"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandt, J., and Albertsen, M. (2018). Investigation of Detection Limits and the Influence of DNA Extraction and Primer Choice on the Observed Microbial Communities in Drinking Water Samples Using 16S rRNA Gene Amplicon Sequencing. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02140"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"137","article-title":"Physicochemical properties, heavy metal content and fungal characterization of an old gasoline-contaminated soil site in Anand, Gujarat, India","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"2924","article-title":"Optimization of Growth Medium and Physicochemical Parameters for High-Yield Biomass Production and Active Metabolites from Aspergillus terreus","volume":"14","author":"Rajitha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. J. Pharm. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1258.2014.00112","article-title":"Soil fungi distribution patterns under different levels of disturbance in the wetland of Napahai Plateau","volume":"38","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pang, K.L., Chiang, M.W., Guo, S.Y., Shih, C.Y., Dahms, H.U., Hwang, J.S., and Cha, H.J. (2020). Growth study under combined effects of temperature, pH and salinity and transcriptome analysis revealed adaptations of Aspergillus terreus NTOU4989 to the extreme conditions at Kueishan Island Hydrothermal Vent Field, Taiwan. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233621"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e07861","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.07861","article-title":"Phytotoxin production in Aspergillus terreus is regulated by independent environmental signals","volume":"4","author":"Gressler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.22159\/ijpps.2017v9i4.16176","article-title":"Aspergillus Terreus Kmbf1501 a Potential Pigment Producer under Submerged Fermentation","volume":"9","author":"Akilandeswari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2011.01106.x","article-title":"Growth of Saprotrophic Fungi and Bacteria in Soil","volume":"78","author":"Rousk","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030701546198","article-title":"Population ecology of Aspergillus flavus associated with Mississippi Delta soils","volume":"24","author":"Zablotowicz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2007.00722.x","article-title":"Adaptive spatiotemporal distribution of soil microfungi in \u2018Evolution Canyon\u2019 III, Nahal Shaharut, extreme southern Negev Desert, Israel","volume":"90","author":"Grishkan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"98","article-title":"Environmental aspects of managing the organic matter in agriculture","volume":"8","year":"2015","journal-title":"Econ. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, D., Zhang, M., Peng, M., Sui, X., Li, W., and Sun, G. (2019). Variations in Soil Functional Fungal Community Structure Associated With Pure and Mixed Plantations in Typical Temperate Forests of China. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01636"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni, Y., Yang, T., Zhang, K., Shen, C., and Chu, H. (2018). Fungal Communities Along a Small-Scale Elevational Gradient in an Alpine Tundra Are Determined by Soil Carbon Nitrogen Ratios. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01815"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.phyto.42.012604.135455","article-title":"Microbial diversity in soil: Selection microbial populations by plant and soil type and implications for disease suppressiveness","volume":"42","author":"Garbeva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.15568","article-title":"Sculpting the soil microbiota","volume":"109","author":"Custodio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2009.00807.x","article-title":"Mechanisms that promote bacterial fitness in fungal-affected soil microhabitats","volume":"71","author":"Nazir","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erlandson, S.R., Savage, J.A., Cavender-Bares, J.M., and Peay, K.G. (2016). Soil moisture and chemistry influence diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associating with willow along an hydrologic gradient. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 92.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiv148"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Shen, Y., He, X., and Xiao, C. (2023). A Natural Moisture Gradient Affects Soil Fungal Communities on the South Shore of Hulun Lake, Inner Mongolia, China. J. Fungi, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9050549"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.13292","article-title":"The impact of elevated temperature and drought on the ecology and evolution of plant\u2013soil microbe interactions","volume":"108","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256688","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1256688","article-title":"Fungal biogeography. Global diversity and geography of soil fungi","volume":"346","author":"Tedersoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm518","article-title":"Activities of voriconazole, itraconazole and amphotericin B in vitro against 590 moulds from 323 patients in the voriconazole Phase III clinical studies","volume":"61","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3271","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00854-09","article-title":"Patterns of susceptibility of Aspergillus isolates recovered from patients enrolled in the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network","volume":"47","author":"Baddley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01283-12","article-title":"New insight into amphotericin B resistance in Aspergillus terreus","volume":"57","author":"Blum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3778","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05164-14","article-title":"Blocking Hsp70 enhances the efficiency of amphotericin B treatment against resistant Aspergillus terreus strains","volume":"59","author":"Blatzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02274-21","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02274-21","article-title":"Aspergillus terreus and the Interplay with Amphotericin B: From Resistance to Tolerance?","volume":"66","author":"Dietl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisele, D., Blatzer, M., Dietl, A.M., Binder, U., Muller, C., Hagen, F., Sae-Ong, T., Schauble, S., Panagiotou, G., and Vahedi-Shahandashti, R. (2025). Aspergillus terreus sectorization: A morphological phenomenon shedding light on amphotericin B resistance mechanism. mBio, 16.","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03926-24"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00536-10","article-title":"Wild-type MIC distributions and epidemiological cutoff values for the triazoles and six Aspergillus spp. for the CLSI broth microdilution method (M38-A2 document)","volume":"48","author":"Diekema","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canete-Gibas, C.F., Patterson, H.P., Sanders, C.J., Mele, J., Fan, H., David, M., and Wiederhold, N.P. (2023). Species Distribution and Antifungal Susceptibilities of Aspergillus Section Terrei Isolates in Clinical Samples from the United States and Description of Aspergillus pseudoalabamensis sp. nov. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12040579"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01512-07","article-title":"In vitro antifungal activities of isavuconazole (BAL4815), voriconazole, and fluconazole against 1,007 isolates of zygomycete, Candida, Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Scedosporium species","volume":"52","author":"Guinea","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3823","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00636-13","article-title":"Multicenter study of isavuconazole MIC distributions and epidemiological cutoff values for Aspergillus spp. for the CLSI M38-A2 broth microdilution method","volume":"57","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00073-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00073-19","article-title":"EUCAST Susceptibility Testing of Isavuconazole: MIC Data for Contemporary Clinical Mold and Yeast Isolates","volume":"63","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berger, S., El Chazli, Y., Babu, A.F., and Coste, A.T. (2017). Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: A Consequence of Antifungal Use in Agriculture?. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01024"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jorgensen, L.N., and Heick, T.M. (2021). Azole Use in Agriculture, Horticulture, and Wood Preservation\u2014Is It Indispensable?. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.730297"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhary, A., Kathuria, S., Xu, J., Sharma, C., Sundar, G., Singh, P.K., Gaur, S.N., Hagen, F., Klaassen, C.H., and Meis, J.F. (2012). Clonal expansion and emergence of environmental multiple-triazole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus strains carrying the TR34\/L98H mutations in the cyp51A gene in India. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052871"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12957","article-title":"Azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus as an emerging worldwide pathogen","volume":"66","author":"Toyotome","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagiwara, D., Watanabe, A., Kamei, K., and Goldman, G.H. (2016). Epidemiological and Genomic Landscape of Azole Resistance Mechanisms in Aspergillus Fungi. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01382"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/6\/1218\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:41:16Z","timestamp":1760031676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/6\/1218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms13061218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms13061218","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]}}}