{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T20:32:18Z","timestamp":1792528338242,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Some studies suggested a high incidence of human herpesvirus (HHV) reactivation in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. To evaluate the prevalence of HHV reactivations in a population with various severity degrees of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we analyzed 102 individuals and compared them with 51 SARS-CoV-2-negative subjects admitted in the same period (January\u2013July 2022) for acute respiratory failure. Positivity was found in 76% of subjects for at least one HHV, and in 46% for \u22652 HHV. These proportions were more prevalent in SARS-CoV-2-positive than in negative patients (83% vs. 61%; 56% vs. 27%, respectively). The most common HHV was HHV-7 both in the whole population (51%) and in SARS-CoV-2-positive and -negative subjects (57% and 39%, respectively); human cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus-1, Epstein\u2013Barr virus, and HHV-6 were more represented in SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals. No single or combined HHV reactivation was associated with the 60-day mortality rate. However, cytomegalovirus reactivation was an independent predictor of COVID-19 severity and longer hospitalizations, while the occurrence of \u22653 any HHV reactivations was independently associated with the aforementioned outcomes and ventilatory support need. Taken together, our data suggest that in patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19, the diagnosis of HHV coinfections can add useful prognostic information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13061221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T09:29:36Z","timestamp":1748338176000},"page":"1221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Clinical Features and Outcomes of Patients with Full Spectrum of COVID-19 Severity and Concomitant Herpesvirus Reactivation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Paolo","family":"Ravanini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Crobu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, AOU Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Martello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Faolotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8248-1976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi Mario","family":"Castello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Unit, SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo University Hospital, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Palumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi Maria","family":"Fenoglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Santa Croce e Carle Hospital, 12100 Cuneo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7694-0740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clotilde","family":"Impaloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Briasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Di Domenico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Macaluso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Mercandino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Riggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9740-0155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Pirisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Unit, Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Andreoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3338-5416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Smirne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Unit, Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.02.018","article-title":"Characteristics of COVID-19 Infection in Beijing","volume":"80","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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