{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:05:52Z","timestamp":1790906752984,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In poultry production, antibiotics have been excessively used as growth promoters to support well-being and decrease mortality caused by pathogenic microorganisms. The overuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the presence of antibiotic residues in poultry products. To counteract this problem, probiotics could be used as adjuncts or as substitutes for preserving a diverse and balanced microflora to prevent the colonization and multiplication of pathogenic bacteria in the GI tract. This study aimed to isolate and characterize the potential probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria from the small intestine of 23-week-old broiler breeders, with the goal of identifying potential probiotic candidates. Four phenotypically healthy broiler breeders were selected, and intestinal contents were aseptically collected and cultured on MRS agar. From the initial pool of 39 colonies, six isolates were identified based on Gram-positive and catalase-negative characteristics and further classified using 16S rRNA sequencing as Levilactobacillus brevis (n = 3), Pediococcus pentosaceus (n = 2), and Streptococcus salivarius (n = 1). These strains were further evaluated for probiotic properties such as transit resistance to simulated upper gastrointestinal conditions, antagonist activity, haemolytic activity, and cell surface properties such as autoaggregation, co-aggregation and hydrophobicity, in vitro. L. brevis NKFS8 showed good tolerance to pH 3, while P. pentosaceus NKSF10 exhibited good tolerance to pH 4 acidic conditions. All isolates demonstrated good survivability in bile salt concentration of 3% (w\/v), with P. pentosaceus NKSF10 exhibiting the highest tolerance. The isolates showed a wide range of antagonistic activity against the test pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enterica (ATCC 13314), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), and Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 7644). Furthermore, these strains exhibited good auto-aggregation, co-aggregation, and hydrophobicity properties. In conclusion, lactic acid bacteria from the small intestine of broiler breeders present a valuable prospect for the development of effective probiotics. These probiotics can be utilized as a supplementary inclusion in poultry feed, obviating the need for antibiotics as growth promoters. Nevertheless, additional in vivo studies are required to closely monitor and assess the effects of probiotics on the gastrointestinal system of chickens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13061231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T03:52:08Z","timestamp":1748404328000},"page":"1231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["In Vitro Characterization and Safety Assessment of Streptococcus salivarius, Levilactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus pentosaceus Isolated from the Small Intestine of Broiler Breeders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nwabisa Happiness","family":"Kokwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9183-3379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freedom","family":"Tshabuse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9184-1360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feroz Mahomed","family":"Swalaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2020.1866965","article-title":"Current status and intervention of South Africa chicken production\u2013A review","volume":"77","author":"Idowu","year":"2021","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"South African Poultry Association (SAPA) (2025, March 25). State of the SA Poultry Industry. Available online: https:\/\/www.sapoultry.co.za\/state-of-the-sa-poultry-industry\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1134\/S0026261718010150","article-title":"Isolation and evaluation of probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from poultry intestine","volume":"87","author":"Rajoka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.22.0455","article-title":"Assessment of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the chicken digestive tract for potential use as poultry probiotics","volume":"36","author":"Sirisopapong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2015.05.017","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo screening of native lactic acid bacteria toward their selection as a probiotic in broiler chickens","volume":"101","author":"Blajman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elzeini, H.M., Ali, A., Nasr, N.F., Hassan, M., Hassan, A.A.M., and Elenany, Y.E. (2021). Probiotic capability of novel lactic acid bacteria isolated from worker honey bees gut microbiota. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 368.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnab030"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1787","article-title":"Characteristics isolate bacteria lactic acid of origin digestive tract of broiler as a probiotic candidate for poultry","volume":"9","author":"Hidayat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reuben, R.C., Roy, P.C., Sarkar, S.L., Alam, R.-U., and Jahid, I.K. (2019). Isolation, characterization, and assessment of lactic acid bacteria toward their selection as poultry probiotics. BMC Microbiol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1626-0"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Lin, Z., Ali, M., Zhu, X., Zhang, Y., Li, S., Li, K., Kebzhai, F., and Li, J. (2023). Effects of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Tibetan chickens on the growth performance and gut microbiota of broiler. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1171074"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-021-09821-4","article-title":"Microencapsulated and lyophilized Lactobacillus acidophilus improved gut health and immune status of predominant calves","volume":"14","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"805","article-title":"Characterisation of Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from pickled cucumber, and its antagonist effect on pathogenic bacteria","volume":"27","author":"Amarantini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Food Res. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dejene, F., Regasa Dadi, B., and Tadesse, D. (2021). In vitro antagonistic effect of lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermented beverage and finfish on pathogenic and foodborne pathogenic microorganism in Ethiopia. Int. J. Microbiol., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5370556"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.11.005","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of lactic acid bacteria and yeast-lab cultures isolated from traditional fermented milk against pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis strains","volume":"108","author":"Mufandaedza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2020.104036","article-title":"Isolation, characterization and selection of potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria from feces of wild boar, native pig and commercial pig","volume":"237","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-009-0020-8","article-title":"Probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the chicken gastrointestinal digestive tract","volume":"25","author":"Musikasang","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"149","article-title":"Evaluation of the lactic acid bacteria in different types of yogurt consumed in Pakistan","volume":"17","author":"Dahri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"8","article-title":"Probiotic properties of lactobacillus isolates from chicken intestines","volume":"7","author":"Shamsudin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-6-1","article-title":"Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in lactic acid bacteria isolated from the faeces of broiler chicken in Malaysia","volume":"6","author":"Shazali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"67","article-title":"Evaluation of lactic acid bacteria isolated from poultry feces as potential probiotic and its in vitro competitive activity against Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"11","author":"Salehizadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Forum"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Wang, Y., Cui, H., Li, Y., Sun, Y., and Qiu, H.-J. (2020). Characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of a wild boar as potential probiotics. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00049"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armas, F., Camperio, C., and Marianelli, C. (2017). In vitro assessment of the probiotic potential of Lactococcus lactis lmg 7930 against ruminant mastitis-causing pathogens. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169543"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbasiliasi, S., Tan, J.S., Bashokouh, F., Ibrahim, T.A.T., Mustafa, S., Vakhshiteh, F., Sivasamboo, S., and Ariff, A.B. (2017). In vitro assessment of Pediococcus acidilactici kp10 for its potential use in the food industry. BMC Microbiol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-1000-z"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchwi\u0144ska, K., and Gwiazdowska, D. (2022). Isolation and probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria from swine feces for feed additive composition. Arch. Microbiol., 204.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-021-02700-0"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s13213-017-1258-2","article-title":"In vitro assessment of safety and probiotic potential characteristics of Lactobacillus strains isolated from water buffalo mozzarella cheese","volume":"67","author":"Casarotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012043","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1397\/1\/012043","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of lactic acid bacteria (lab) from small intestine content of duck (Anas sp.) as a probiotic candidate","volume":"1397","author":"Nurcahyo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2020.07.005","article-title":"Screening for probiotic characters in Lactobacilli isolated from chickens revealed the intra-species diversity of Lactobacillus brevis","volume":"7","author":"Noohi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1163\/18762891-20230004","article-title":"Assessment of the safety of Levilactobacillus brevis cncm i-5321, a probiotic candidate strain isolated from pulque with anti-proliferative activities","volume":"14","author":"Boucard","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03133-13","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory properties of Streptococcus salivarius, a commensal bacterium of the oral cavity and digestive tract","volume":"80","author":"Kaci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"125","article-title":"Isolation, characterization and evaluation of probiotic lactic acid bacteria for potential use in animal production","volume":"108","author":"Boucourt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poultry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahbaz, F., Muccee, F., Shahab, A., Safi, S.Z., Alomar, S.Y., and Qadeer, A. (2024). Isolation and in vitro assessment of chicken gut microbes for probiotic potential. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1278439"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S.J., Kim, K.-T., Kim, T.Y., and Paik, H.-D. (2020). Probiotic properties and antioxidant activities of Pediococcus pentosaceus sc28 and Levilactobacillus brevis ku15151 in fermented black gamju. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9091154"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2018.03.034","article-title":"Synbiotic encapsulation of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum by alginate-arabinoxylan composite microspheres","volume":"93","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10226-1","article-title":"Microbial response to acid stress: Mechanisms and applications","volume":"104","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13173","article-title":"Probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from human milk","volume":"121","author":"Reis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.110216","article-title":"Probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from past\u0131rma","volume":"134","author":"Kaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.1922-1927","article-title":"Novel probiotic lactic acid bacteria isolated from Indigenous fermented foods from West Sumatra, Indonesia","volume":"13","author":"Harnentis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, A.-S.I., El Moghazy, G.M., Elsayed, T.R., Goda, H.A.L., and Khalafalla, G.M. (2021). Molecular identification and in vitro evaluation of probiotic functional properties of some Egyptian lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-021-00212-4"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-024-10237-z","article-title":"Safety assessment of Levilactobacillus brevis ku15006: A comprehensive analysis of its phenotypic and genotypic properties","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-023-10113-2","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of lactic acid bacteria with probiotic attributes from different parts of the gastrointestinal tract of free-living wild boars in Hungary","volume":"16","author":"Libisch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Li, W., Zhao, L., Li, Y., He, W., Ding, K., and Cao, P. (2024). Characterization and assessment of native lactic acid bacteria from broiler intestines for potential probiotic properties. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040749"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reygaert, W.C. (2018). An overview of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of bacteria. Aims Microbiol., 4.","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2018.3.482"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sirichoat, A., Fl\u00f3rez, A.B., V\u00e1zquez, L., Buppasiri, P., Panya, M., Lulitanond, V., and Mayo, B. (2020). Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of lactic acid bacteria from the human vagina and genetic basis of acquired resistances. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072594"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Pan, Y., Wang, M., Sun, L., Xi, Y., Li, M., and Zeng, Q. (2022). In vitro evaluation of probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the vagina of yak (Bos grunniens). Microbiology, 10.","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13177"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Deeb, W.M., Fayez, M., Elsohaby, I., Ghoneim, I., Al-Marri, T., Kandeel, M., and ElGioushy, M. (2020). Isolation and characterization of vaginal Lactobacillus spp. In dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius): In vitro evaluation of probiotic potential of selected isolates. Microbiology, 8.","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8500"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowarah, R., Verma, A.K., Agarwal, N., Singh, P., and Singh, B.R. (2018). Selection and characterization of probiotic lactic acid bacteria and its impact on growth, nutrient digestibility, health and antioxidant status in weaned piglets. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192978"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Yue, S., Yu, J., Bian, F., Chen, G., and Zhang, Y. (2025). Probiotic characterization of lactic acid bacteria from donkey feces in China. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15020207"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel Tawab, F.I., Abd Elkadr, M.H., Sultan, A.M., Hamed, E.O., El-Zayat, A.S., and Ahmed, M.N. (2023). Probiotic potentials of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Egyptian fermented food. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43752-0"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adeniyi, B., Adesuyi, A., Ayeni, F., Ogunbanwo, T., and Agidigbi, T.J. (2024). Poultry gastrointestinal-derived lactic acid bacteria (pGIT-d-LAB) inhibit multiple antibiotic-resistant bacterial and fungal pathogens. Avicenna J. Med. Biotechnol., 16.","DOI":"10.18502\/ajmb.v16i2.14862"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17092","article-title":"Characterization and evaluation of lactic acid bacteria from indigenous raw milk for potential probiotic properties","volume":"103","author":"Reuben","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.01.013","article-title":"Characterization and evaluation of lactic acid bacteria isolated from goat milk","volume":"53","author":"Dias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgeb.2018.03.005","article-title":"Screening of potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria and production of amylase and its partial purification","volume":"16","author":"Padmavathi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/08905436.2016.1269289","article-title":"Molecular characterization of antimicrobial Lactobacillus isolates and evaluation of their probiotic characteristics in vitro for use in poultry","volume":"31","author":"Nallala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"267","article-title":"Isolation, functional evaluation of probiotic properties and molecular identification of strains isolated from Iranian poultry\u2019s gut","volume":"15","author":"Makzum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iran J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-018-9430-y","article-title":"Safety evaluation and colonisation abilities of four lactic acid bacteria as future probiotics","volume":"11","author":"Dlamini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"17","article-title":"Assessment of in vitro probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria","volume":"5","author":"Kathiriya","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4538","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.10.4538-4545.2001","article-title":"The enterococcal surface protein, esp, is involved in Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation","volume":"67","author":"Valle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.9.2888-2896.2001","article-title":"Bap, a Staphylococcus aureus surface protein involved in biofilm formation","volume":"183","author":"Cucarella","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1997.00250.x","article-title":"Characterization of the aggregation promoting factor from Lactobacillus gasseri, a vaginal isolate","volume":"83","author":"Boris","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.111641","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of lactic acid bacteria from traditional fermented fish product shidal of India with reference to their probiotic potential","volume":"146","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.04.006","article-title":"Evaluation of adherence and anti-infective properties of probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum strain 4-17 against Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infection in humans","volume":"131","author":"Falah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krausova, G., Hyrslova, I., and Hynstova, I. (2019). In vitro evaluation of adhesion capacity, hydrophobicity, and auto-aggregation of newly isolated potential probiotic strains. Fermentation, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation5040100"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/6\/1231\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:41:46Z","timestamp":1760031706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/6\/1231"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms13061231"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms13061231","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]}}}