{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T13:54:03Z","timestamp":1780926843340,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondos Federales","award":["HIM\/2019\/044 SSA 1598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIM\/2019\/044 SSA 1598"]}]},{"name":"Fondos Federales","award":["HIM\/2022\/056 SSA1839"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIM\/2022\/056 SSA1839"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Isthmin1 (ISM1) is a constitutively secreted cytokine produced by barrier tissues and different immune cell types. Importantly, ISM1 is also expressed by cells with a hematopoietic stem cell phenotype in the lung and plays a role during hematopoiesis. Under inflammatory conditions, ISM1 levels are also altered. Given that the intestine is one of the tissues with the highest ISM1 gene expression, in this work, we characterized the immunophenotype of ISM1-producing cells in the small intestine of uninfected or Salmonella Typhimurium-infected mice. We found a variety of ISM1+-expressing cells, including CD45+ cells, EpCAM+ cells, and, importantly, we also found different subsets of cells carrying hematopoietic stem cell markers (LSKs) expressing ISM1, and their frequency was perturbed during infection. Finally, we also found that isthmin1 is secreted into the intestinal lumen, and its concentration was increased during S. Typhimurium infection. Our findings suggest that increased luminal ISM1 secretion during mucosal infection may serve as a potential novel biomarker of pathogen-mediated inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13061280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T03:19:38Z","timestamp":1748834378000},"page":"1280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Isthmin1 Upregulation in the Intestinal Microenvironment During Salmonella Typhimurium Infection: Identification and Characterization of Isthmin1-Producing Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Gustavo Alberto","family":"Jaimes-Ortega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Proteomics Research Laboratory, Children\u2019s Hospital of Mexico \u201cFederico G\u00f3mez\u201d (HIMFG), Mexico City 06720, Mexico"},{"name":"Experimental Biology Postgraduate Program, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Mexico City 09310, Mexico"},{"name":"University Research Unit UNAM-HIMFG, Research Division, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Angeles-Floriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Research Unit UNAM-HIMFG, Research Division, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Subdirecci\u00f3n de Diagn\u00f3stico Cl\u00ednico y Departamento de Laboratorio Cl\u00ednico, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2835-6343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guadalupe","family":"Rivera-Torruco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Proteomics Research Laboratory, Children\u2019s Hospital of Mexico \u201cFederico G\u00f3mez\u201d (HIMFG), Mexico City 06720, Mexico"},{"name":"University Research Unit UNAM-HIMFG, Research Division, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Biof\u00edsica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City 07360, Mexico"},{"name":"Cell Therapy Core, Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94102, USA"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9417-5500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio Cesar","family":"Almanza-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1A Secci\u00f3n, Alcald\u00eda Iztapalapa, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09310, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2577-9973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Xicohtencatl-Cortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Bacteriolog\u00eda Intestinal, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5996-9313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Cuellar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4432-7780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Medina-Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, Endocrinology & Nutrition Research Unit, Children\u2019s Hospital of Mexico \u201cFederico Gomez\u201d, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariadnna","family":"Cruz-C\u00f3rdova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Inmunoqu\u00edmica, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Valle-Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Proteomics Research Laboratory, Children\u2019s Hospital of Mexico \u201cFederico G\u00f3mez\u201d (HIMFG), Mexico City 06720, Mexico"},{"name":"University Research Unit UNAM-HIMFG, Research Division, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2017.09.013","article-title":"The MAIT conundrum\u2014How human MAIT cells distinguish bacterial colonization from infection in mucosal barrier tissues","volume":"192","author":"Berkson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. 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