{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:03:11Z","timestamp":1787670191844,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica","award":["PAPIIT\/IT201521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPIIT\/IT201521"]}]},{"name":"Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica","award":["IT201824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT201824"]}]},{"name":"Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica","award":["2024\/PICI-CI2465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/PICI-CI2465"]}]},{"name":"Programa Interno de C\u00e1tedras de Investigaci\u00f3n","award":["PAPIIT\/IT201521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPIIT\/IT201521"]}]},{"name":"Programa Interno de C\u00e1tedras de Investigaci\u00f3n","award":["IT201824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT201824"]}]},{"name":"Programa Interno de C\u00e1tedras de Investigaci\u00f3n","award":["2024\/PICI-CI2465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/PICI-CI2465"]}]},{"name":"all programs of the Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM)","award":["PAPIIT\/IT201521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPIIT\/IT201521"]}]},{"name":"all programs of the Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM)","award":["IT201824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT201824"]}]},{"name":"all programs of the Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM)","award":["2024\/PICI-CI2465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/PICI-CI2465"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lactic acid bacteria are components of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota in both humans and animals and are widely used as probiotics. Lactobacillus is the most closely related genus to probiotic activity. It is capable of releasing membrane microvesicles (MVs), whose primary functions include carrying and transmitting antigens to host tissues and modulating host defense responses. In the present study, MVs were isolated from Lactobacillus acidophilus resident in the ileum of free-living rats, and their immunostimulant effect was evaluated in two biological models. MVs were characterized using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, electron microscopy, and nanoparticle tracking analysis. In the first model, the immunostimulatory effect of MVs was evaluated on ovine abomasal explants, which had been previously stimulated with MVs and then challenged with third-stage larvae of Haemonchus contortus. This resulted in a decrease in the percentage of larval association and favored the migration of inflammatory cells to the infection site. In the second model, the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 was stimulated with MVs to evaluate the expression of transcripts encoding IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1. MVs isolated from L. acidophilus demonstrate immunostimulatory and probiotic effects in the two biological models assessed. This suggested that the MVs possess similar immunostimulatory effects as those reported for the parent bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13061341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T09:59:14Z","timestamp":1749549554000},"page":"1341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of the Immunostimulant Effect of Microvesicles of Lactobacillus acidophilus Isolated from Wild Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6153-9797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela I.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathology Veterinary Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl\u00e1n, UNAM, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli CP 54714, State of Mexico, Mexico"},{"name":"Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl\u00e1n, UNAM, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli CP 54714, State of Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viridiana","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathology Veterinary Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl\u00e1n, UNAM, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli CP 54714, State of Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"\u00c1valos-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, CINVESTAV Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de Mexico CP 07360, CDMX, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireya","family":"De la Garza-Amaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, CINVESTAV Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de Mexico CP 07360, CDMX, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7213-4604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Vargas-Ru\u00edz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathology Veterinary Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl\u00e1n, UNAM, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli CP 54714, State of Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9231-1556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa I.","family":"Higuera-Piedrahita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathology Veterinary Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl\u00e1n, UNAM, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli CP 54714, State of Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Mar\u00edn-Flamand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathology Veterinary Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl\u00e1n, UNAM, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli CP 54714, State of Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7391-3869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristal D.","family":"Lonngi-Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathology Veterinary Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl\u00e1n, UNAM, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli CP 54714, State of Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco R.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathology Veterinary Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl\u00e1n, UNAM, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli CP 54714, State of Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1682-8104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Ram\u00edrez-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl\u00e1n, UNAM, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli CP 54714, State of Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8786-399X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ru\u00edz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathology Veterinary Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl\u00e1n, UNAM, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli CP 54714, State of Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2019.1645597","article-title":"A successful history: Probiotics and their potential as antimicrobials","volume":"17","author":"Santacroce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. 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