{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:09:52Z","timestamp":1790633392348,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Fund","award":["31972830"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31972830"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Fund","award":["32202982"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32202982"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Fund","award":["JBGS [2021] 120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JBGS [2021] 120"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Fund","award":["CX(23)1006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX(23)1006"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Fund","award":["KYCX23_3589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX23_3589"]}]},{"name":"\u201cJBGS\u201d Project of Seed Industry Revitalization in Jiangsu Province","award":["31972830"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31972830"]}]},{"name":"\u201cJBGS\u201d Project of Seed Industry Revitalization in Jiangsu Province","award":["32202982"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32202982"]}]},{"name":"\u201cJBGS\u201d Project of Seed Industry Revitalization in Jiangsu Province","award":["JBGS [2021] 120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JBGS [2021] 120"]}]},{"name":"\u201cJBGS\u201d Project of Seed Industry Revitalization in Jiangsu Province","award":["CX(23)1006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX(23)1006"]}]},{"name":"\u201cJBGS\u201d Project of Seed Industry Revitalization in Jiangsu Province","award":["KYCX23_3589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX23_3589"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund","award":["31972830"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31972830"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund","award":["32202982"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32202982"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund","award":["JBGS [2021] 120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JBGS [2021] 120"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund","award":["CX(23)1006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX(23)1006"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund","award":["KYCX23_3589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX23_3589"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["31972830"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31972830"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["32202982"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32202982"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["JBGS [2021] 120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JBGS [2021] 120"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["CX(23)1006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX(23)1006"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["KYCX23_3589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX23_3589"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, viral and bacterial diseases have posed serious challenges to the sustainable development of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (giant freshwater prawn) aquaculture, resulting in considerable economic losses across China. Among the bacterial pathogens, Aeromonas caviae has emerged as a notable opportunistic agent capable of causing large-scale mortality in various aquatic species. In this study, a highly virulent strain of A. caviae (designated GMRS4) was isolated from diseased M. rosenbergii exhibiting mass mortality in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province. The isolate, a Gram-negative bacillus, was identified as the causative agent based on morphological, molecular, and histopathological analyses. Pathogenicity was confirmed through experimental infection, with the strain displaying marked virulence, evidenced by an LD50 of 1.91 \u00d7 106 CFU\/mL at 96 h. Whole-genome sequencing of GMRS4 revealed 4078 coding sequences, including a suite of virulence-associated genes encoding extracellular enzymes (DNase, hemolysin, caseinase, and lecithinase) and toxins (serine protease, elastase, and flagellin). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated resistance to several antibiotics, particularly those in the penicillin and sulfonamide classes, while maintaining sensitivity to quinolones. Genomic analysis further revealed multiple antibiotic resistance genes and virulence genes, offering insights into the pathogenic mechanisms and resistance profile of the strain. This study underscores the threat posed by A. caviae to freshwater prawn aquaculture and provides a genetic basis for developing targeted disease management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13061343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T05:11:49Z","timestamp":1749532309000},"page":"1343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance of Pathogenic Aeromonas caviae from Diseased Macrobrachium rosenbergii"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xinhai","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qieqi","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liying","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojian","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-016-9985-0","article-title":"A comprehensive survey on selective breeding programs and seed market in the European aquaculture fish industry","volume":"24","author":"Chavanne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12553","article-title":"Genetic improvement technologies to support the sustainable growth of UK aquaculture","volume":"13","author":"Regan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738621","article-title":"The effects of net-chasing training on survival and growth are related to stocking density in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii","volume":"561","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738357","article-title":"The early life culture and gonadal development of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii: A review","volume":"559","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.06.032","article-title":"Pathogenicity of non-O1\/O139 Vibrio cholerae and its induced immune response in Macrobrachium rosenbergii","volume":"92","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish. Immun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.12.002","article-title":"Virulence properties of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from diseased zoea of freshness shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii","volume":"127","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2006.00690.x","article-title":"Isolation of a pathogenic strain of Vibrio alginolyticus from necrotic larvae of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)","volume":"29","author":"Jayaprakash","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Fish. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2018.11.050","article-title":"Enterobacter cloacae associated with mass mortality in zoea of giant freshwater prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii and control with specific chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgY)","volume":"501","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, X., Chen, Z., Zhang, Z., Qian, Q., Chen, A., Qin, L., Tang, X., Jiang, Q., and Zhang, X. (2024). Pathogenicity of Aeromonas veronii Isolated from Diseased Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Host Immune-Related Gene Expression Profiles. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040694"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1006\/jipa.2000.4981","article-title":"Responses of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) to challenge by two strains of Aeromonas spp","volume":"76","author":"Sung","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"3950107","article-title":"Transmission Routes and a New Freshwater Crustacean Host for Infectious Precocity Virus (IPV)","volume":"1","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12895","article-title":"Molecular biology of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus infection in giant freshwater prawn","volume":"41","author":"Low","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Fish. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12754","article-title":"Diseases of the giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii: A review for a growing industry","volume":"15","author":"Hooper","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.739220","article-title":"Pathogenesis and complete genome sequence of Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) associated with mass mortality in Macrobrachium rosenbergii","volume":"566","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/35.4.453","article-title":"Aeromonas infections and their treatment","volume":"35","author":"Jones","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemoth."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2014.84","article-title":"Ecological theory as a foundation to control pathogenic invasion in aquaculture","volume":"8","author":"Vadstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cholewi\u0144ska, P., Moniuszko, H., Wojnarowski, K., Pokorny, P., Szeligowska, N., Dobicki, W., Polecho\u0144ski, R., and G\u00f3rniak, W. (2022). The occurrence of microplastics and the formation of biofilms by pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria as threats in aquaculture. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19138137"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"2717","article-title":"Molecular characterizations of Aeromonas caviae isolated from catfish (Clarias sp.)","volume":"13","author":"Mulia","year":"2020","journal-title":"AACL Bioflux"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-021-00661-1","article-title":"Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Gelidium pusillum (Stackhouse) against Aeromonas caviae and its applications in aquaculture","volume":"29","author":"Agarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2012.11.015","article-title":"Studies on ulcerative disease caused by Aeromonas caviae-like bacterium in Indian catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linn)","volume":"376","author":"Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"151","article-title":"Histopathology of Aeromonas caviae infection in challenged Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)","volume":"8","author":"Roy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, M., Xiao, Z., Li, Y., Jiang, N., Liu, W., Meng, Y., Fan, Y.D., Zeng, L.B., and Zhou, Y. (2022). Isolation, identification and characteristics of Aeromonas caviae from diseased largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Fishes, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes7030119"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, Y., Gao, J., and Jiang, M. (2024). Case Report: A rare infection of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas caviae in a pediatric case with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and review of the literature. Front. Pediatr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1233600"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738085","article-title":"Isolation, characterization and complete genome sequencing of fish pathogenic Aeromonas veronii from diseased Labeo rohita","volume":"553","author":"Tyagi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3703","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.8.3703-3713.1999","article-title":"Host-pathogen interactions: Redefining the basic concepts of virulence and pathogenicity","volume":"67","author":"Casadevall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, C., Huang, X., Wang, Q., Yao, D., and Lu, W. (2022). Virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and antivirulence strategies to combat its drug resistance. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.926758"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Wang, F., Jia, L., Yan, H., Gao, L., Tian, Y., Su, X., Zhang, X., Zhang, X., and Lv, C. (2023). Edwardsiella piscicida infection reshapes the intestinal microbiome and metabolome of big-belly seahorses: Mechanistic insights of synergistic actions of virulence factors. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1222662"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00533.x","article-title":"Multiple virulence factors are required for Staphylococcus aureus-induced apoptosis in endothelial cells","volume":"7","author":"Kahl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"000733","article-title":"Genomic insights into the circulation of pandemic fluoroquinolone-resistant extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli ST1193 in Vietnam","volume":"7","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129356","article-title":"Insights into microbial contamination in multi-type manure-amended soils: The profile of human bacterial pathogens, virulence factor genes and antibiotic resistance genes","volume":"437","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735826","article-title":"Enterobacter cloacae: A probable etiological agent associated with slow growth in the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii","volume":"530","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Brenner, D.J., Krieg, N.R., and Staley, J.T. (2021). Bergey\u2019s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Springer. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-013-9695-9","article-title":"Vibrio harveyi as a causative agent of mass mortalities of megalopa in the seed production of swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","article-title":"MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets","volume":"33","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Behreans, A., and Karber, L. (1953). Determination of LD50. Screening in Pharmacology, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i884","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560","article-title":"fastp: An ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Li, H. (2013). Aligning sequence reads, clone sequences and assembly contigs with BWA-MEM. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw152","article-title":"Minimap and miniasm: Fast mapping and de novo assembly for noisy long sequences","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp352","article-title":"1000 Genome Project Data Processing Subgroup The sequence alignment\/map format and SAMtools","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153","article-title":"Prokka: Rapid prokaryotic genome annotation","volume":"30","author":"Seemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty095","article-title":"Improved genomic island predictions with IslandPath-DIMOB","volume":"34","author":"Bertelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The UniProt Consortium (2018). UniProt: The universal protein knowledgebase. Nucleic Acids Res., 46, 2699.","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky092"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D277","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh063","article-title":"The KEGG resource for deciphering the genome","volume":"32","author":"Kanehisa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/75556","article-title":"Gene ontology: Tool for the unification of biology","volume":"25","author":"Ashburner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D138","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh121","article-title":"The Pfam protein families database","volume":"32","author":"Bateman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.33","article-title":"The COG database: A tool for genome-scale analysis of protein functions and evolution","volume":"28","author":"Tatusov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkg128","article-title":"The TIGRFAMs database of protein families","volume":"31","author":"Haft","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2012.737474","article-title":"Aeromonas caviae is the most frequent pathogen amongst cases of Aeromonas bacteremia in Japan","volume":"45","author":"Kimura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.253","article-title":"A potential alternative to traditional antibiotics in aquaculture: Yeast glycoprotein exhibits antimicrobial effect in vivo and in vitro on Aeromonas caviae isolated from Carassius auratus gibelio","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"58","article-title":"Identification and pathogenicity of pathogenic Aeromonas caviae isolated from Eriocheir sinensis","volume":"52","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Freshw. Fish."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"28","article-title":"Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility ofan Aeromonas caviae pathogen from yellow legdisease-infected Penaeus vannamei","volume":"41","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-003-2225-6","article-title":"Pathogen, host and environmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of listeriosis","volume":"60","author":"Roberts","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12025","article-title":"Aeromonas spp. whole genomes and virulence factors implicated in fish disease","volume":"36","author":"Figueras","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10401.x","article-title":"Secreted enzymes of Aeromonas","volume":"152","author":"Pemberton","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.3.1048-1054.2003","article-title":"Detection and characterization of the hemolysin genes in Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas sobria by multiplex PCR","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4257","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.7.4257-4267.2001","article-title":"Motility and the polar flagellum are required for Aeromonas caviae adherence to HEp-2 cells","volume":"69","author":"Rabaan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanchanachai, N., Chumnanpuen, P., and E-kobon, T. (2022). Effect of conditioned media from Aeromonas caviae on the transcriptomic changes of the porcine isolates of Pasteurella multocida. BMC Microbiol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02683-y"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pugazhendhi, A.S., Wei, F., Hughes, M., and Coathup, M. (2022). Bacterial adhesion, virulence, and biofilm formation. Musculoskeletal Infection, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-83251-3_2"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghssein, G., and Ezzeddine, Z. (2022). A review of Pseudomonas aeruginosa metallophores: Pyoverdine, pyochelin and pseudopaline. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11121711"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-022-00369-6","article-title":"High affinity iron uptake by pyoverdine in Pseudomonas aeruginosa involves multiple regulators besides Fur, PvdS, and FpvI","volume":"36","author":"Cornelis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envadv.2023.100411","article-title":"A review on the fate, human health and environmental impacts, as well as regulation of antibiotics used in aquaculture","volume":"13","author":"Cherian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Adv."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14053","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-023-05069-3","article-title":"Microalgae-based wastewater treatment system: Current state, antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes reduction potentials","volume":"20","author":"Inuwa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baran, A., Kwiatkowska, A., and Potocki, L. (2023). Antibiotics and bacterial resistance\u2014A short story of an endless arms race. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065777"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46917-1","article-title":"Bidirectional ATP-driven transport of cobalamin by the mycobacterial ABC transporter BacA","volume":"15","author":"Nijland","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Cao, Z., Cui, L., Hu, T., Guo, K., Zhang, F., Wang, X., Peng, Z., Liu, Q., and Dai, M. (2022). Enrofloxacin promotes plasmid-mediated conjugation transfer of fluoroquinolone-resistance gene qnrS. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.773664"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-023-10253-0","article-title":"Characteristics and complete genome analysis of a pathogenic Aeromonas Veronii SJ4 from diseased Siniperca Chuatsi","volume":"25","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mar. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/6\/1343\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:49:13Z","timestamp":1760032153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/6\/1343"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms13061343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms13061343","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]}}}