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Gut microbiota dysbiosis, particularly the depletion of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, may contribute to the progression of cancer cachexia. Studies in both murine models and humans consistently associate cachexia with a decline in SCFA-producing gut microbiota commensals and an overgrowth of pro-inflammatory pathobionts. These microbial imbalances may lead to reduced levels of SCFAs and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and alter the normal bile acid profile. BCAAs and the maintenance of a normal bile acid profile are associated with muscle synthesis and decreased breakdown. While SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate), contribute to intestinal barrier integrity and immune regulation. SCFA depletion may increase gut permeability, allowing bacterial endotoxins, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), to enter the bloodstream. This may lead to chronic inflammation, muscle catabolism, and impairment of anabolic pathways. Interventions targeting gut microbiota in preclinical models have mitigated inflammation and muscle loss. While clinical data are limited, it suggests an improvement in immune functions and better tolerance to anticancer therapies. Current evidence is predominantly derived from cross-sectional studies suggesting associations without causality. Thus, future longitudinal studies are needed to identify biomarkers and optimize personalized therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13061356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T06:11:49Z","timestamp":1749622309000},"page":"1356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Modulating the Gut\u2013Muscle Axis: Increasing SCFA-Producing Gut Microbiota Commensals and Decreasing Endotoxin Production to Mitigate Cancer Cachexia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sagnik","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5249-6261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir Hossein","family":"Alizadeh Bahmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3081-9124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Davids","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilde","family":"Herrema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Nieuwdorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3829","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: Understanding the molecular basis","volume":"14","author":"Busquets","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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