{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:14:17Z","timestamp":1787066057515,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common form of patterned hair loss, exhibiting gender-specific clinical features. Recent studies highlight the importance of the skin microbiome in maintaining skin health, but the relationship between the hair follicle microbiome and hair loss, particularly AGA, remains understudied. Hair follicle layer samples were collected directly from the crown region of female pattern hair loss (FPHL), male pattern hair loss (MPHL), and healthy adult women (control) groups. Microbial DNA was extracted and analyzed using Illumina 16S rRNA V3\u2013V4 gene amplicon sequencing. Alpha-diversity and beta-diversity analyses and taxonomic and functional profiling were conducted through relative abundance, LEfSe, and PICRUSt2 analyses. The alpha-diversity analysis showed a significant decrease in microbial richness in the hair loss groups. Unweighted UniFrac-based beta-diversity analysis revealed significant clustering between the control group and the FPHL group. Taxonomic profiling and LEfSe analysis identified differences in microbial composition and biomarkers. PICRUSt2 analysis further revealed altered pathways related to porphyrin metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and steroid hormone metabolism. Additionally, differences in microbiome composition and potential functions were found between the FPHL and MPHL groups. This study provides comprehensive insights into the hair follicle microbiome, revealing unique microbial patterns and functional alterations associated with FPHL. Understanding these microbiome characteristics may contribute to targeted approaches for addressing AGA. Further research is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13061365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T06:42:48Z","timestamp":1749710568000},"page":"1365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Bacteriome in Hair Follicle Layers of Patients with Female Pattern Androgenic Alopecia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9431-0824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujun","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0081-5453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seoyeon","family":"Kyung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&I Center, COSMAX BTI, Pangyo-ro 255, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13486, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9669-4494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyoung","family":"Mun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cosmedical & Materials, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Center for Bio Medical Engineering Core Facility, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Smart Animal Bio Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byung Sun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Center for Bio Medical Engineering Core Facility, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Smart Animal Bio Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyengeui","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Human Microbiome Research HuNbiome Co., Ltd., R&D Center, Seoul 08504, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaeyun","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&I Center, COSMAX BTI, Pangyo-ro 255, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13486, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Geol","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"R&I Center, COSMAX BTI, Pangyo-ro 255, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13486, Republic of 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