{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:07:05Z","timestamp":1791230825083,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea, presents with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild diarrhea to severe, life-threatening conditions such as pseudomembranous colitis and toxic megacolon. In recent years, both the incidence and severity of CDI have increased, leading to a significant burden in terms of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. We conducted a single-center, retrospective cohort study for 30 months at \u201cSf. Parascheva\u201d Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital Ia\u0219i, in North Eastern Romania, aiming to assess the clinical and laboratory characteristics of CDI, as well as treatment approaches and their association with patient outcomes. A total of 534 patients were included during the study period, of whom 484 had favorable outcomes, while 50 have died of the disease. Fever (p = 0.007) and age over 65 (p = 0.001) were associated with prolonged hospitalization. Patients positive for both A and B toxins and GDH had the highest risk of recurrence (p = 0.020). Among comorbidities, obesity was the only condition significantly linked to recurrence (p = 0.001). In female patients over 65 years old, the probability of survival drops below 60% after 21 days of hospitalization, highlighting a critical risk factor in this population. These results underscore the importance of comprehensive risk assessment in CDI, particularly focusing on advanced age and comorbidities, to guide early therapeutic interventions, optimize patient management, and improve clinical outcomes among high-risk populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13061377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T06:19:28Z","timestamp":1749795568000},"page":"1377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Healthcare-Associated Clostridioides difficile Infection: A Hospital-Based Retrospective Study in North Eastern Romania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lidia Oana","family":"St\u0103m\u0103teanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Gr. T. Popa, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cSt. Chiriachi\u201d County Emergency Hospital, 730006 Vaslui, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4131-1019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ionela Larisa","family":"Miftode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Gr. T. Popa, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cSt. Parascheva\u201d Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 700116 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia Elena","family":"Ple\u015fca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Gr. T. Popa, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cSt. Parascheva\u201d Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 700116 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihnea Eudoxiu","family":"Hurmuzache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Gr. T. Popa, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cSt. Parascheva\u201d Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 700116 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doina Carmen","family":"Manciuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Gr. T. Popa, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cSt. Parascheva\u201d Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 700116 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Leca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Gr. T. Popa, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cSt. Parascheva\u201d Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 700116 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egidia Gabriela","family":"Miftode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Gr. T. Popa, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cSt. Parascheva\u201d Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 700116 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"CDC (2024, September 19). Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI) Surveillance, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthcare-associated-infections\/php\/haic-eip\/cdiff.html."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175628482110162","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848211016248","article-title":"Epidemiology of Community-Acquired and Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection","volume":"14","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. 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