{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:20:17Z","timestamp":1792696817916,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research and Development Task Special Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["2022B02042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B02042"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Task Special Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["2022B02056-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B02056-2"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["2022B02042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B02042"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["2022B02056-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B02056-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Solid-state microbial fermentation (SSMF) has been established as an effective bioprocessing strategy to augment the nutritional value of plant-derived feed substrates while reducing anti-nutritional factors (ANFs). However, there have been limited studies on the effects of microbial solid-state fermentation on the nutritional value and potential functional components in cottonseed hulls. This study investigated the nutritional enhancement of cottonseed hulls through anaerobic solid-state fermentation mediated by Candida utilis CU-3, while exploring the functional potential of the fermented feed by analyzing fungal community dynamics and metabolite profiling. The laboratory-preserved free gossypol-degrading strain Candida utilis CU-3 was inoculated into unsterilized, crushed, and screened cottonseed hulls for solid-state fermentation at room temperature for 10 days. The results demonstrated that, compared to the control group, the experimental group achieved a 61.90% increase in free gossypol degradation rate, a 27.78% improvement in crude protein content, and a 5.07% reduction in crude fiber, while crude fat showed no significant difference. During the fermentation process, microbial diversity decreased, and Candida utilis CU-3 became the dominant species. Untargeted metabolomics data revealed that cottonseed hulls inoculated with Candida utilis CU-3 produced functional bioactive compounds during fermentation, including chrysin, myricetin (anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities), and ginsenoside Rh2 (anticancer, antibacterial, and neuroprotective properties). This study demonstrates that inoculating Candida utilis CU-3 into cottonseed hulls enhances their health-promoting potential through the biosynthesis of diverse functional metabolites, providing a theoretical foundation for improving the nutritional profile of cottonseed hull-fermented feed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13061380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T09:51:24Z","timestamp":1749808284000},"page":"1380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Integrated Microbiota and Metabolomics Analysis of Candida utilis CU-3 Solid-State Fermentation Effects on Cottonseed Hull-Based Feed"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Deli","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Laboratory of Special Environmental Microbiology\/Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Urumqi 830091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Laboratory of Special Environmental Microbiology\/Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Urumqi 830091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Laboratory of Special Environmental Microbiology\/Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Urumqi 830091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6294-2712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huaibing","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Laboratory of Special Environmental Microbiology\/Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Urumqi 830091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Laboratory of Special Environmental Microbiology\/Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Urumqi 830091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Laboratory of Special Environmental Microbiology\/Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Urumqi 830091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6635-9313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maierhaba","family":"Aihemaiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Laboratory of Special Environmental Microbiology\/Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Urumqi 830091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faqiang","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Laboratory of Special Environmental Microbiology\/Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Urumqi 830091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5048-2239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Laboratory of Special Environmental Microbiology\/Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Urumqi 830091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weidong","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Laboratory of Special Environmental Microbiology\/Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Urumqi 830091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Yang, X., Nie, C., Chen, C., and Zhang, W. 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