{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T03:26:45Z","timestamp":1791602805770,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["22308338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22308338"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52200178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52200178"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CX(24)1009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX(24)1009"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["21XTCX21001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21XTCX21001"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["252102110055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102110055"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["242102320111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102320111"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["242102110085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102110085"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["GFGS-2023000501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GFGS-2023000501"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund (JASTIF)","award":["22308338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22308338"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund (JASTIF)","award":["52200178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52200178"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund (JASTIF)","award":["CX(24)1009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX(24)1009"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund (JASTIF)","award":["21XTCX21001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21XTCX21001"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund (JASTIF)","award":["252102110055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102110055"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund (JASTIF)","award":["242102320111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102320111"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund (JASTIF)","award":["242102110085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102110085"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund (JASTIF)","award":["GFGS-2023000501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GFGS-2023000501"]}]},{"name":"Key Program for Collaborative and Innovation of Nanyang, Henan Province, China","award":["22308338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22308338"]}]},{"name":"Key Program for Collaborative and Innovation of Nanyang, Henan Province, China","award":["52200178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52200178"]}]},{"name":"Key Program for Collaborative and Innovation of Nanyang, Henan Province, China","award":["CX(24)1009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX(24)1009"]}]},{"name":"Key Program for Collaborative and Innovation of Nanyang, Henan Province, China","award":["21XTCX21001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21XTCX21001"]}]},{"name":"Key Program for Collaborative and Innovation of Nanyang, Henan Province, China","award":["252102110055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102110055"]}]},{"name":"Key Program for Collaborative and Innovation of Nanyang, Henan Province, China","award":["242102320111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102320111"]}]},{"name":"Key Program for Collaborative and Innovation of Nanyang, Henan Province, China","award":["242102110085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102110085"]}]},{"name":"Key Program for Collaborative and Innovation of Nanyang, Henan Province, China","award":["GFGS-2023000501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GFGS-2023000501"]}]},{"name":"Henan Provincial Key Technology Research and Development Program","award":["22308338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22308338"]}]},{"name":"Henan Provincial Key Technology Research and Development Program","award":["52200178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52200178"]}]},{"name":"Henan Provincial Key Technology Research and Development Program","award":["CX(24)1009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX(24)1009"]}]},{"name":"Henan Provincial Key Technology Research and Development Program","award":["21XTCX21001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21XTCX21001"]}]},{"name":"Henan Provincial Key Technology Research and Development Program","award":["252102110055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102110055"]}]},{"name":"Henan Provincial Key Technology Research and Development Program","award":["242102320111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102320111"]}]},{"name":"Henan Provincial Key Technology Research and Development Program","award":["242102110085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102110085"]}]},{"name":"Henan Provincial Key Technology Research and Development Program","award":["GFGS-2023000501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GFGS-2023000501"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017888","name":"National Engineering Research Center of Solid-state Brewing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22308338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22308338"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017888","name":"National Engineering Research Center of Solid-state Brewing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52200178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52200178"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017888","name":"National Engineering Research Center of Solid-state Brewing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CX(24)1009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX(24)1009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017888","name":"National Engineering Research Center of Solid-state Brewing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21XTCX21001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21XTCX21001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017888","name":"National Engineering Research Center of Solid-state Brewing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["252102110055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102110055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017888","name":"National Engineering Research Center of Solid-state Brewing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["242102320111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102320111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017888","name":"National Engineering Research Center of Solid-state Brewing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["242102110085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102110085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017888","name":"National Engineering Research Center of Solid-state Brewing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GFGS-2023000501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GFGS-2023000501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing global demand for protein underscores the necessity for sustainable alternatives to soybean-based animal feed, which poses a challenge to human food security. Thus, the search for sustainable, alternative protein sources is transforming the feed industry in its effort to sustainable operations. In this study, a microbial consortium was subjected to adaptive laboratory evolution using non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and wheat straw as the sole carbon source. The evolved microbial consortium was subsequently utilized to perform solid-state fermentation on wheat straw and NPN to produce feed protein. After 20 generations, the microbial consortium demonstrated tolerance to 5 g\/L NPN, including ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, and urea, which represents a fivefold increase compared to the original microbial consortium. Among the three NPNs tested, the evolved microbial consortium exhibited optimal growth performance with ammonium sulfate. Subsequently, the evolved microbial consortium was employed for the solid-state fermentation (SSF) of wheat straw, and the fermentation conditions were optimized. It was found that the true protein content of wheat straw could be increased from 2.74% to 10.42% under specific conditions: ammoniated wheat straw (15% w\/w), non-sterilization of the substrate, an inoculation amount of 15% (v\/w), nitrogen addition amount of 0.5% (w\/w), an initial moisture content of 70%, a fermentation temperature of 30 \u00b0C, and a fermentation duration of 10 days. Finally, the SSF process for wheat straw was successfully scaled up from 0.04 to 2.5 kg, resulting in an increased true protein content of 9.84%. This study provides a promising approach for the production of feed protein from straw and NPN through microbial fermentation, addressing protein resource shortages in animal feed and improving the value of waste straw.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13061416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:08:06Z","timestamp":1750219686000},"page":"1416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Adaptive Laboratory Evolution of a Microbial Consortium Enhancing Non-Protein Nitrogen Assimilation for Feed Protein Production"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biobased Transport Fuel Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Mi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huimin","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengxiang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1624-1346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yafan","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biobased Transport Fuel Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingliang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biobased Transport Fuel Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3009-7590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7917-3649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenjie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7081-2854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biobased Transport Fuel Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanjie","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niehues, J., McElroy, C., Croon, A., Jan, P., Martin, F., and Florian, S. (2021). Bacterial Lighthouses\u2014Real-Time Detection of Yersinia enterocolitica by Quorum Sensing. Biosensors, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11120517"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Chen, X., and Gao, L. (2024). New strategy for the biosynthesis of alternative feed protein: Single-cell protein production from straw-based biomass. GCB Bioenergy, 16.","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.13120"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chieco.2024.102224","article-title":"Soybean overweight shock (SOS): The impact of trade liberalization in China on overweight prevalence","volume":"87","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"China Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, S., Wang, S., He, Y., Wang, N., Wang, Z., Weng, L., Liu, D., Zhao, X., Chen, J., and Xu, J. (2024). Three-stage solid-state fermentation technology for Distillers\u2019 Grain feed protein based on different microorganisms considering oxygen requirements. Fermentation, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation10110550"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2016.04.003","article-title":"Effects of applying lactic acid bacteria to the fermentation on a mixture of corn steep liquor and air-dried rice straw","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"702","article-title":"Plant proteins applications: A review","volume":"3","author":"Wadhave","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-021-09606-9","article-title":"From food industry wastes to second generation bioethanol: A review","volume":"21","author":"Roukas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio\/Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadi, M., Alian, M., Dale, B., Ubanwa, B., and Balan, V. (2024). Multifaced application of AFEX-pretreated biomass in producing second-generation biofuels, ruminant animal feed, and value-added bioproducts. Biotechnol. Adv., 72.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2024.108341"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khilji, S.A., Sajid, Z.A., Fayyaz, S., Shah, A.A., Shah, A.N., Rauf, M., Arif, M., Yang, S.H., and Fiaz, S. (2022). Fulvic acid alleviates paper sludge toxicity in canola (Brassica napus L.) by reducing Cr, Cd, and Pb uptake. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.874723"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/ceat.201000357","article-title":"Biomass size reduction machines for enhancing biogas production","volume":"34","author":"Kratky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11961","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90236-0","article-title":"Enhancement of the nutritional value of fermented corn stover as ruminant feed using the fungi Pleurotus spp.","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.111960","article-title":"Enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover by twin-screw extrusion pretreatment","volume":"143","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2017.12.045","article-title":"Increased biogas production from wheat straw by chemical pretreatments","volume":"119","author":"Mancini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13895","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-07981-4","article-title":"Solid-state fermentation of ammoniated corn straw to produce feed protein and toxicological assessment of the product","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"82","article-title":"On-farm effect of urea treated straw and urea molasses block on cross-bred dairy cows at Lume District, Ethiopia","volume":"17","author":"Kumssa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12512","article-title":"Improving ruminal degradability and energetic values of bamboo shoot shell using chemical treatments","volume":"87","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8933","article-title":"Current methods for mycotoxins analysis and innovative strategies for their reduction in cereals: An overview","volume":"98","author":"Shanakhat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127429","article-title":"Microbial remediation for the removal of inorganic contaminants from treated wood: Recent trends and challenges","volume":"258","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, B., Zhao, C., Sun, Q., Chen, K., Zhao, X., Xu, L., Yang, Z., and Peng, H. (2023). Effects of ammonification\u2013steam explosion pretreatment on the production of true protein from rice straw during solid-state fermentation. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15075964"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, Y., Cai, Y., Wang, F., He, Y., Yang, Y., Guo, Z., Liu, M., Ren, H., Wang, S., and Liu, D. (2025). Industrial microbial technologies for feed protein production from non-protein nitrogen. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13040742"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Han, C., Li, W., Chen, G., and Wang, L. (2020). Insights into the cellulose degradation mechanism of the thermophilic fungus Chaetomium thermophilum based on integrated functional omics. Biotechnol. Biofuels, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-020-01783-z"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, J., Zhang, K., Liao, H., Hector, S.B., Shi, X., Li, J., Liu, B., Xu, T., Tong, C., and Liu, X. (2016). Genomic and secretomic insight into lignocellulolytic system of an endophytic bacterium Pantoea ananatis Sd-1. Biotechnol. Biofuels, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-016-0439-8"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, X., Ma, Y., Chang, H., Li, B., Ding, M., and Yuan, Y. (2021). Evaluation of PET degradation using artificial microbial consortia. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.778828"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, X., Awasthi, M.K., Liu, Y., Cheng, Q., Qu, J., and Sun, Y. (2021). Studies on the degradation of corn straw by combined bacterial cultures. Bioresour. Technol., 320.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.124174"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113833","article-title":"Co-cultivation of T. asperellum GDFS1009 and B. amyloliquefaciens 1841: Strategy to regulate the production of ligno-cellulolytic enzymes for the lignocellulose biomass degradation","volume":"301","author":"Karuppiah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2021.09.002","article-title":"Harnessing lactic acid bacteria in synthetic microbial consortia","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, Y., Zeng, W., Hou, M., Wang, Z., Luo, Y., Lei, G., Zhou, B., and Huang, J. (2021). Responses of the soil microbial community to salinity stress in maize fields. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10111114"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171034","article-title":"Solid-state fermentation of corn straw using synthetic microbiome to produce fermented feed: The feed quality and conversion mechanism","volume":"920","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2020.07.008","article-title":"Microbiome engineering: Synthetic biology of plant-associated microbiomes in sustainable agriculture","volume":"39","author":"Ke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H., Lee, K.K., Jeon, J., Harris, A., and Lee, Y. (2020). Domestication of Oryza species eco-evolutionarily shapes bacterial and fungal communities in rice seed. Microbiome, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00805-0"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4694","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49098-z","article-title":"Engineering natural microbiomes toward enhanced bioremediation by microbiome modeling","volume":"15","author":"Ruan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Cai, Y., Wang, Z., Xu, Z., Li, J., Ma, X., Zhuang, W., Liu, D., Wang, S., and Song, A. (2023). Construction of a synthetic microbial community based on multiomics linkage technology and analysis of the mechanism of lignocellulose degradation. Bioresour. Technol., 389.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129799"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155966","article-title":"Prospects of soil microbiome application for lignocellulosic biomass degradation: An overview","volume":"838","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, G., Li, Q., Zhang, Z., Yin, X., Wang, B., and Yang, X. (2023). Recent progress in adaptive laboratory evolution of industrial microorganisms. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 50.","DOI":"10.1093\/jimb\/kuac023"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Min, B., Yoo, D.A., Lee, Y., Seo, M., and Kim, H. (2020). Complete Genomic Analysis of Enterococcus faecium heat-resistant strain developed by two-step adaptation laboratory evolution method. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00828"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., de Groot, A., Boeren, S., Abee, T., and Smid, E. (2021). Lactococcus lactis mutants obtained from laboratory evolution showed elevated vitamin K2 content and enhanced resistance to oxidative stress. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.746770"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-022-01871-9","article-title":"Improvement of macrolactins production by the genetic adaptation of Bacillus siamensis A72 to saline stress via adaptive laboratory evolution","volume":"21","author":"Gan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.R., and Kim, P. (2020). Current status and applications of adaptive laboratory evolution in industrial microorganisms. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 30.","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2003.03072"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.023","article-title":"Efficient conversion of corn straw to feed protein through solid-state fermentation using a thermophilic microbial consortium","volume":"194","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2022.02.093","article-title":"Domesticating a bacterial consortium for efficient lignocellulosic biomass conversion","volume":"189","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.130751","article-title":"Functional characterization of an efficient ibuprofen-mineralizing bacterial consortium","volume":"447","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/82.6.1389","article-title":"Kjeldahl nitrogen analysis as a reference method for protein determination in dairy products","volume":"82","author":"Lynch","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, H., Hong, C., Zheng, B., Jiang, D., and Qin, W. (2018). Improving enzymatic digestibility of wheat straw pretreated by a cellulase-free xylanase-secreting Pseudomonas boreopolis G22 with simultaneous production of bioflocculants. Biotechnol. Biofuels, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-018-1255-0"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Wang, S., Wang, Z., Shen, C., Liu, D., Shen, X., Weng, L., He, Y., Wang, S., and Wang, J. (2023). Pretreatment of Luzhou distiller\u2019s grains for feed protein production using crude enzymes produced by a synthetic microbial consortium. Bioresour. Technol., 390.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129852"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvach\u00faa, D., Mart\u00ednez, A.T., Tien, M., L\u00f3pez-Lucendo, M., Garc\u00eda, M., R\u00edos, V., Mart\u00ednez, M., and Prieto, A. (2013). Differential proteomic analysis of the secretome of Irpex lacteus and other white-rot fungi during wheat straw pretreatment. Biotechnol. Biofuels, 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1754-6834-6-115"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Chen, X., Zahoor Khan, M., Xiao, J., Liu, S., Wang, J., Maswayi Alugongo, G., and Cao, Z. (2022). Biodegradation and hydrolysis of rice straw with corn steep liquor and urea-alkali pretreatment. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.989239"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, M., Wang, S., Xu, F., Wang, J., Yang, N., Li, Q., Chen, J., and Li, W. (2019). Pretreatment of sweet sorghum straw and its enzymatic digestion: Insight into the structural changes and visualization of hydrolysis process. Biotechnol. Biofuels, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-019-1613-6"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1002\/ceat.202200029","article-title":"Fermentation process control and optimization","volume":"45","author":"Chai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120248","article-title":"Comparison of poly-\u03b3-glutamic acid production between sterilized and non-sterilized solid-state fermentation using agricultural waste as substrates","volume":"255","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, Y., Li, J., Meng, J., and Li, J. (2023). High-yield production of single-cell protein from starch processing wastewater using co-cultivation of yeasts. Bioresour. Technol., 370.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.128527"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skad341.324","article-title":"PSII-10 ammonium phosphate is an appropriate nitrogen source in nitrogen-limiting diets for growing pigs","volume":"101","author":"Buchinski","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"9259","article-title":"Fermenting distiller\u2019s grains by the domesticated microbial consortium to release ferulic acid","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/6\/1416\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:54:00Z","timestamp":1760032440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/6\/1416"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms13061416"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms13061416","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]}}}