{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:10:10Z","timestamp":1792789810093,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program Special Project","award":["2016YFD0501607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFD0501607"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program Special Project","award":["BK20151306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20151306"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program Special Project","award":["SZ-SQ2021046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZ-SQ2021046"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China","award":["2016YFD0501607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFD0501607"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China","award":["BK20151306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20151306"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China","award":["SZ-SQ2021046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZ-SQ2021046"]}]},{"name":"Special Project on Science and Technology in North Jiangsu","award":["2016YFD0501607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFD0501607"]}]},{"name":"Special Project on Science and Technology in North Jiangsu","award":["BK20151306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20151306"]}]},{"name":"Special Project on Science and Technology in North Jiangsu","award":["SZ-SQ2021046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZ-SQ2021046"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is well established that flagella play a critical role in bacterial motility and virulence, and the genes associated with flagellar synthesis and regulation have been extensively characterized. In this study, we identified the trmE gene as a novel modulator of flagellar synthesis in Salmonella Enteritidis. A transposon (Tn5) mutant library of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) was constructed through bacterial conjugation, followed by screening for motility-deficient mutants. Among 1321 mutants screened, C50041trmE::Tn5 exhibited reduced motility. To validate this phenotype, we constructed C50041\u0394trmE mutants and complementary strains C50041\u0394trmE::trmE. Compared to parental strain SE(C50041), C50041\u0394trmE displayed significantly lower mRNA levels of flagellar synthesis-related genes as determined via quantitative real-time PCR and the few visible flagella observed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Function studies assessing virulence also showed results that matched this phenotype; specifically, C50041\u0394trmE demonstrated decreased adhesion and invasion capabilities towards macrophages. Furthermore, C50041\u0394trmE induced impaired apoptosis and pyroptosis in macrophages, while exhibiting reduced mortality in BALB\/c mice along with diminished mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cellular factors within murine spleen. This study provides compelling evidence that the trmE gene in Salmonella Enteritidis is involved in flagellar synthesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13071455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T07:42:34Z","timestamp":1750664554000},"page":"1455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Identification of a Novel Regulatory Gene, trmE, that Orchestrates Salmonella Flagellar Synthesis and Virulence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Geng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linyan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingying","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4393-2513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shizhong","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Barrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaji, S., Selvaraj, R.K., and Shanmugasundaram, R. 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