{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:27:07Z","timestamp":1760059627502,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Council of Scientific and Technological  Development (CNPq)","award":["CNPq 305589\/2021-0","CNPq 424435\/2021-7","CNPq 307290\/2023-9","CNPq 310560\/2022-5","CNPq 408474\/2024-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq 305589\/2021-0","CNPq 424435\/2021-7","CNPq 307290\/2023-9","CNPq 310560\/2022-5","CNPq 408474\/2024-6"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clostridium novyi is a common pathogen in domestic animals and humans, and alpha-toxin is the main cause of its pathogenesis. Because it is a fastidious organism, obtaining alpha-toxin is expensive. Therefore, we proposed an in silico study to synthesize epitopes in cultures of Escherichia coli BL21 pLysS (DE3). First, we used a stirred-tank bioreactor, developing a dry mass yield (DMY) of 0.77 g\/L in batch cultures and 1.03 g\/L in fed-batch cultures, without acetic acid production. With scale-up using a system without mechanical agitation, there was a higher DMY (1.20 g\/L) with 0.56 mmol\/mL of alpha-toxin epitope 1 (DE3\/Ep1) and 0.61 mmol\/mL of alpha-toxin epitope 2 (DE3\/Ep2), with a similar profile for O2 consumption, glucose, and no acetic acid production. The kinetic parameters \u00b5(h\u22121), YX\/S, YP\/S, QP, and QX did not differ significantly; however, the kinetic data were superior. Our results suggest that in silico tools allow epitope selection and bioprocess standardization. This system provides cost savings and technological advances for the veterinary vaccine industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13071481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T03:39:59Z","timestamp":1750909199000},"page":"1481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimization of the Production of Vaccine Epitopes from Clostridium novyi Alpha-Toxin Using Strains of Recombinant Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mellanie K. C.","family":"F\u00e9lix","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program for in Biodiversity and Biotechnology of Legal Amazon, Federal University of Tocantins, Palmas 77001-090, TO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tullio T.","family":"Deusdar\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program for in Biodiversity and Biotechnology of Legal Amazon, Federal University of Tocantins, Palmas 77001-090, TO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6785-0267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9lio S.","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program for in Biodiversity and Biotechnology of Legal Amazon, Federal University of Tocantins, Palmas 77001-090, TO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3830-9463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gil R.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program for in Biodiversity and Biotechnology of Legal Amazon, Federal University of Tocantins, Palmas 77001-090, TO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo R. T.","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi 77410-530, TO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa M.","family":"Chapla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program for in Environmental Chemistry, University of Tocantins, Gurupi 77410-530, TO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4657-5446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelvinson F.","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Nature, Federal University of Latin American Integration, UNILA, Foz do Igua\u00e7u 85866-000, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6714-7996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor V.","family":"Brandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Montes Claros 39404-547, MG, Brazil"},{"name":"PostGraduate Program in Biotechnology, UNIMONTES Campus Universit\u00e1rio Prof. Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Prof. Rui Braga, s\/n, Vila Mauriceia, Montes Claros 39401-089, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Edilene M.","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Le\u00f4nidas e Maria Deane, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-Fiocruz Amaz\u00f4nia, Manaus 69057-070, AM, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program for in Sciences Applied to Hematology PPGH, University of Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69050-010, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9017-170X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Andr\u00e9 M.","family":"Mari\u00faba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Le\u00f4nidas e Maria Deane, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-Fiocruz Amaz\u00f4nia, Manaus 69057-070, AM, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program for in Biology of Host-Pathogen Interaction, Instituto Le\u00f4nidas e Maria Deane, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-Fiocruz Amaz\u00f4nia, Manaus 69057-070, AM, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program for in Basic and Applied Immunology, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69057-070, AM, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program for in Biotechnology, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69057-070, AM, Brazil"},{"name":"INCT-CONEXAO BIO3TOX\u2014National Institute of Science and Technology for Research and Knowledge Excellence of the Western\/Eastern Amazon in Biodiversity, Biotechnology, Biometeorology and Toxicology Applied to One Health, Fiocruz Rond\u00f4nia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9677-7225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo A.","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Le\u00f4nidas e Maria Deane, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-Fiocruz Amaz\u00f4nia, Manaus 69057-070, AM, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program for in Basic and Applied Immunology, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 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