{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T13:27:33Z","timestamp":1792848453354,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union NextGenerationEU project","award":["NPOO 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPOO 1"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Croatia","award":["NPOO 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPOO 1"]}]},{"name":"Croatian Veterinary Institute","award":["NPOO 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPOO 1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Orthoflaviviruses (formerly flaviviruses) are known for their role in numerous diseases affecting both humans and animals. Despite the worldwide distribution of orthoflaviviruses, individual species are only found in endemic or epidemic regions. However, in recent decades, certain orthoflaviviruses have spread beyond their traditional geographic boundaries, even crossing continents. Given the long-distance movements of birds, the knowledge of zoonotic orthoflaviviruses associated with birds is essential because of their possible introduction into new regions, as was the case with West Nile virus and Usutu virus. A thorough literature review was conducted on zoonotic orthoflaviviruses related to birds, including lesser-known (re-)emerging and neglected orthoflaviviruses that are limited to specific regions and\/or avian hosts but have the potential to spread to a wider geographical area and pose a higher risk of transmission to humans. Several of these viruses possess significant zoonotic potential and can cause a wide spectrum of diseases in humans, ranging from mild febrile illnesses (Zika virus) to severe neuroinvasive diseases (tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis virus) and hemorrhagic fevers (yellow fever, dengue virus). Geographic distribution, hosts, vectors, incidence of human infections, and impact on human and animal health of zoonotic flaviviruses related to birds are critically reviewed. The viruses have been categorized based on the role of birds as an orthoflavivirus host and the clinical presentation in human infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13071590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T02:53:07Z","timestamp":1751856787000},"page":"1590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Zoonotic Orthoflaviviruses Related to Birds: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0398-5346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Savi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Center, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5170-947X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ljubo","family":"Barbi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Bogdani\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0908-5675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Ron\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Center, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3464-6830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Klobu\u010dar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Andrija \u0160tampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Medi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Zadar County Institute of Public Health, 23000 Zadar, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1877-5547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatjana","family":"Vilibi\u0107-\u010cavlek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Postler, T.S., Beer, M., Blitvich, B.J., Bukh, J., de Lamballerie, X., Drexler, J.F., Imrie, A., Kapoor, A., Karganova, G.G., and Lemey, P. 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