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It is also an immunosuppressive pathogen that exerts detrimental effects on the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and macrophages, impairing their ability to perform their normal physiological functions. S. suis induces thymic atrophy, splenomegaly, and lymphadenectasis and triggers apoptosis in T cells and B cells, as well as pyroptosis in macrophages within immune organs. Subsequently, T cell subsets in peripheral blood become abnormal, and the expression of cytokines becomes dysregulated, which leads to host immunosuppression, suggesting a new virulence mechanism of S. suis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13071613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T07:38:27Z","timestamp":1752133107000},"page":"1613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Streptococcus suis: A Review of Its Effects on Immune Organs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Siyu","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haijuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4619-4587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tong-Qing","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7020-5410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shujie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3772","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.12364","article-title":"Initial steps of the pathogenesis of the infection caused by Streptococcus suis: Fighting against nonspecific defenses","volume":"590","author":"Segura","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638720915869","article-title":"Development of a mismatch amplification mutation assay to correctly serotype isolates of Streptococcus suis serotypes 1, 2, 1\/2, and 14","volume":"32","author":"Lacouture","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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