{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:30:20Z","timestamp":1760059820881,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFF0611501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0611501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Grazing is a free-range farming model commonly practiced in low-external-input agricultural systems. The widespread use of veterinary antibiotics in livestock farming has led to significant environmental accumulation of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), posing global health risks. This study investigated the antibiotic residues, bacterial community, ARG profiles, and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in cattle feces from three provinces in western China (Ningxia, Xinjiang, and Inner Mongolia) under grazing modes. The HPLC-MS detection showed that the concentration of tetracycline antibiotics was the highest in all three provinces. Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between antibiotic residues and the diversity and population abundance of intestinal microbiota. However, the abundance of ARGs was directly proportional to antibiotic residues. Then, the Sankey analysis revealed that the ARGs in the cattle fecal samples were concentrated in 15 human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) species, with 9 of these species harboring multiple drug resistance genes. Metagenomic sequencing revealed that carbapenemase-resistant genes (blaKPC and blaVIM) were also present in considerable abundance, accounting for about 10% of the total ARGs detected in three provinces. Notably, Klebsiella pneumoniae strains carrying blaCTX-M-55 were detected, which had a possibility of IncFII plasmids harboring transposons and IS19, indicating the risk of horizontal transfer of ARGs. This study significantly advances the understanding of the impact of antibiotic residues on the fecal microbiota composition and ARG profiles in grazing cattle from northwestern China. Furthermore, it provides critical insights for the development of rational antibiotic usage strategies and comprehensive public health risk assessments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13071658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T10:55:41Z","timestamp":1752490541000},"page":"1658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Antibiotic Residues on Fecal Microbiota Composition and Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Profiles in Cattle from Northwestern China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1083-9427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Food Testing and Research Institute, Yinchuan 750002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7255-8228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuying","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zihui","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0866-4584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaolin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for Food Safety Surveillance and Detection (Hainan), Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1797-9027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2014.07.036","article-title":"Strategies to alleviate poverty and grassland degradation in Inner Mongolia: Intensification vs production efficiency of livestock systems","volume":"152","author":"Briske","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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