{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T04:17:21Z","timestamp":1779164241682,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ningbo Science and Technology Innovation 2025 Major Project","award":["2022Z125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022Z125"]}]},{"name":"Ningbo Science and Technology Innovation 2025 Major Project","award":["LY22C180004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY22C180004"]}]},{"name":"Ningbo Science and Technology Innovation 2025 Major Project","award":["2024J040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024J040"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China","award":["2022Z125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022Z125"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China","award":["LY22C180004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY22C180004"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China","award":["2024J040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024J040"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo","award":["2022Z125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022Z125"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo","award":["LY22C180004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY22C180004"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo","award":["2024J040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024J040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii, a parasitic protozoan, causes zoonotic infections with severe health impacts in humans and warm-blooded animals, underscoring the urgent need for effective vaccines to control these infections. In this study, a DNA vaccine encoding TgROP5, TgROP18, TgGRA7, TgGRA15, and TgMIC6 was formulated using the eukaryotic expression vector pVAX I. IL-24 was delivered as a molecular adjuvant using plasmid pVAX-IL-24. BALB\/c, C57BL\/6, and Kunming mouse strains received the DNA immunization, after which antibody levels, cytokine production, and lymphocyte surface markers were analyzed to assess immune responses. Additionally, survival rates and brain cyst counts were measured 1 to 2 months post-vaccination in experimental models of toxoplasmosis. As a result, compared to controls, the DNA vaccine cocktail significantly increased serum IgG levels, Th1 cytokine production, and proportions of CD4+\/CD8+ T cells, leading to extended survival and reduced brain cyst counts post-challenge with T. gondii ME49. Furthermore, the five-gene DNA vaccine cocktail conferred greater protection compared to single-gene immunizations. Co-administration of IL-24 significantly enhanced the immune efficacy of the multi-gene DNA vaccination. Our findings suggest that IL-24 is an effective molecular adjuvant, enhancing the protective immunity of DNA vaccines against T. gondii, supporting its potential role in vaccine strategies targeting other apicomplexan parasites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13071661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T08:04:41Z","timestamp":1752566681000},"page":"1661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["IL-24 Is a Promising Molecular Adjuvant for Enhancing Protective Immunity Induced by DNA Vaccination Against Toxoplasma gondii"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bohuai","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1816-4436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaowen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China"},{"name":"Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bisetegn, H., Debash, H., Ebrahim, H., Mahmood, N., Gedefie, A., Tilahun, M., Alemayehu, E., Mohammed, O., and Feleke, D.G. 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