{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T17:25:10Z","timestamp":1784136310662,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microbiological contamination of healthcare workers\u2019 gowns represents a critical risk for the transmission of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Despite their use as protective equipment, gowns can act as reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, favouring the spread of pathogens between healthcare workers and patients. The presence of these resistant bacteria on healthcare workers\u2019 gowns highlights the urgent need to address this risk as part of infection control strategies. The aim of this work was to assess the microbiological risks associated with the contamination of healthcare staff gowns with Gram-negative bacteria, including the ESKAPE group, and their relationship with antimicrobial resistance. An observational, cross-sectional, prospective study was conducted in 321 hospital workers. The imprinting technique was used to quantify the bacterial load on the gowns, followed by bacterial identification by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. In addition, antimicrobial resistance profiles were analysed, and tests for carbapenemases and BLEE production were performed. The ERIC-PCR technique was also used for molecular analysis of Pantoea eucrina clones. Several Gram-negative bacteria were identified, including bacteria of the ESKAPE group. The rate of microbiological contamination of the gowns was 61.05% with no association with the sex of the healthcare personnel. It was observed that critical areas of the hospital, such as intensive care units and operating theatres, showed contamination by medically important bacteria. In addition, some strains of P. eucrina showed resistance to carbapenemics and cephalosporins. ERIC-PCR analysis of P. eucrina isolates showed genetic heterogeneity, indicating absence of clonal dissemination. Healthcare personnel gowns are a significant reservoir of pathogenic bacteria, especially in critical areas of Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico. It is essential to implement infection control strategies that include improving the cleaning and laundering of gowns and ideally eliminating them from clothing to reduce the risk of transmission of nosocomial infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13071687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T10:10:38Z","timestamp":1752833438000},"page":"1687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comprehensive Assessment of Health Risks Associated with Gram-Negative Bacterial Contamination on Healthcare Personnel Gowns in Clinical Settings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Moreno-Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"},{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9195-746X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Alberto","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Zamarripa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Hospital Psiqui\u00e1trico Dr. Samuel Ram\u00edrez Moreno, Valle de Chalco Solidaridad 56619, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandy Mariel","family":"Mungu\u00eda-Mogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5893-8566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Camelia","family":"Calzada-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1555-3102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clemente","family":"Cruz-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"},{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8985-486X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio Mariano","family":"Dur\u00e1n-Manuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"},{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7496-8247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graciela","family":"Castro-Escarpulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine Edith","family":"V\u00e9lez-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, 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Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0201-0184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Concepci\u00f3n","family":"Tamayo-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Coahuila, Saltillo 25280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahaira de Jes\u00fas","family":"Tamayo-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biotecnolog\u00eda Gen\u00f3mica, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dulce Milagros","family":"Razo Blanco-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benito","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Castellanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2663-9155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio C\u00e9sar","family":"Casta\u00f1eda-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9383-3882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianela","family":"Paredes-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Tecnolog\u00eda Ambiental, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Nezahualc\u00f3yotl, Nezahualc\u00f3yotl 57000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5383-8737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Loyola-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9957-3807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Bello-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1987.00370070023002","article-title":"Patients\u2019 and physicians\u2019 attitudes regarding the physician\u2019s professional 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