{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:36:45Z","timestamp":1775781405828,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grant-in-Aids for Scientific Research (C) (JSPS KAKENHI)","award":["JP23K04465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23K04465"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-Aids for Scientific Research (C) (JSPS KAKENHI)","award":["JP20K05185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20K05185"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-Aids for Scientific Research (C) (JSPS KAKENHI)","award":["JP16K06819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP16K06819"]}]},{"name":"Cooperative Research Project of the Research Center for Biomedical Engineering","award":["JP23K04465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23K04465"]}]},{"name":"Cooperative Research Project of the Research Center for Biomedical Engineering","award":["JP20K05185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20K05185"]}]},{"name":"Cooperative Research Project of the Research Center for Biomedical Engineering","award":["JP16K06819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP16K06819"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biofilms cause a variety of problems, such as food spoilage, food poisoning, infection, tooth decay, periodontal disease, and metal corrosion, so knowledge on biofilm prevention and removal is important. A detailed observation of the three-dimensional structure of biofilms on the nanoscale is expected to provide insight into this. In this study, we report on the successful in situ nanoscale observations of a marine bacterial biofilm on glass in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) using both scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) over the same area. By observing the same area by SICM and CLSM, we were able to clarify the three-dimensional morphology of the biofilm, the arrangement of bacteria within the biofilm, and the difference in local ion conductivity within the biofilm simultaneously, which could not be achieved by observation using a microscope alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13081779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:29:02Z","timestamp":1753885742000},"page":"1779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Three-Dimensional Structure of Biofilm Formed on Glass Surfaces Revealed Using Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy Combined with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3400-7417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobumitsu","family":"Hirai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Shiroko-Cho, Suzuka 510-0294, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhei","family":"Miwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Shiroko-Cho, Suzuka 510-0294, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shunta","family":"Hattori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Chuo-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9144-6539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Kanematsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Research Center Between Academia and Industries, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Shiroko-Cho, Suzuka 510-0294, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8684-288X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akiko","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Shiroko-Cho, Suzuka 510-0294, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Futoshi","family":"Iwata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Chuo-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2018.2.274","article-title":"Extracellular polymeric substances, a key element in understanding biofilm phenotype","volume":"4","author":"Martino","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIMS Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2017.05.015","article-title":"Influence of surface properties of produce and food contact surfaces on the efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas for the inactivation of foodborne pathogens","volume":"81","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, L., Cervellieri, S., Netti, T., Lippolis, V., and Baruzzi, F. 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