{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T22:43:14Z","timestamp":1790289794770,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System of Shanxi Province","award":["2024CYJSTX16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CYJSTX16"]}]},{"name":"Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System of Shanxi Province","award":["20210302123404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210302123404"]}]},{"name":"Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System of Shanxi Province","award":["2023SJ115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023SJ115"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","award":["2024CYJSTX16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CYJSTX16"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","award":["20210302123404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210302123404"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","award":["2023SJ115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023SJ115"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Education Innovation Project of Shanxi Province","award":["2024CYJSTX16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CYJSTX16"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Education Innovation Project of Shanxi Province","award":["20210302123404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210302123404"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Education Innovation Project of Shanxi Province","award":["2023SJ115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023SJ115"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Root rot, mainly caused by Fusarium oxysporum, is one of the most destructive diseases and leads to significant economic loss of Astragalus membranaceus. To develop an effective strategy for the management of this serious disease, a bacterial strain 2-12 was screened from A. membranaceus rhizosphere soil and identified as Bacillus paralicheniformis based on the phylogenetic analyses of gyrase subunit B gene (gyrB) and RNA polymerase gene (rpoB) sequences. Interestingly, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by B. paralicheniformis 2-12 exhibited potent antifungal activities against F. oxysporum, as well as fifteen other plant pathogens. Under scanning electron microscopy observation, hyphae treated with the VOCs exhibited abnormal variation such as distortion, twist, and vesiculation, leading to distinctive protoplasm shrinkage. After treatment with B. paralicheniformis 2-12 VOCs, the lesion diameter and disease incidence both reduced significantly compared to control (p &lt; 0.05), thus demonstrating prominent biological efficiency. Moreover, B. paralicheniformis 2-12 VOCs were composed of 17 VOCs, including 9 alkanes, 3 alcohols, 3 acids and esters, 1 aromatic compound, and 1 alkyne compound. A total of 1945 DEGs, including 1001 up-regulated and 944 down-regulated genes, were screened via transcriptome analysis. These DEGs were mainly associated with membranes and membrane parts, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism. The findings in this work strongly suggested that B. paralicheniformis 2-12 VOCs could be applied as a new candidate for the control of A. membranaceus root rot.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13081782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T06:37:47Z","timestamp":1754030267000},"page":"1782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Biocontrol Activity of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Bacillus paralicheniformis 2-12 Against Fusarium oxysporum Associated with Astragalus membranaceus Root Rot"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bioagent Utilization and Eco-Pesticide Innovation, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bioagent Utilization and Eco-Pesticide Innovation, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bioagent Utilization and Eco-Pesticide Innovation, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengnan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bioagent Utilization and Eco-Pesticide Innovation, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaxin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bioagent Utilization and Eco-Pesticide Innovation, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bioagent Utilization and Eco-Pesticide Innovation, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bioagent Utilization and Eco-Pesticide Innovation, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiqin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bioagent Utilization and Eco-Pesticide Innovation, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weixin","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experiment Teaching Center, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0044-3955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bioagent Utilization and Eco-Pesticide Innovation, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1034291","article-title":"Micellar electrokinetic chromatography for the quantitative analysis of flavonoids in the Radix of Astragalus membranaceus var. 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