{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T03:54:56Z","timestamp":1792900496198,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation, South Africa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SRUG190411429382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRUG190411429382"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation, South Africa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["120838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120838"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Moses Kotane Institute","award":["SRUG190411429382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRUG190411429382"]}]},{"name":"Moses Kotane Institute","award":["120838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120838"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Contaminated poultry is one of the major sources of food-borne non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Salmonella along the slaughter process in low- and high-throughput poultry abattoirs in South Africa and to determine their characteristics. Samples were collected from 500 chicken carcass rinsates at various processing stages in three abattoirs. Salmonella detection and identification was conducted in accordance with the ISO 6579 methodology. NTS serotyping was performed with serotype-specific PCRs. The Kirby\u2013Bauer disk diffusion method was used to determine antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella. PCR was used to analyze thirteen antimicrobial genes and four virulence genes. Salmonella spp. was detected in 11.8% (59\/500; CI: 9.5\u201315) of the samples tested. The predominant serovars were Salmonella Enteritidis (n = 21\/59; 35.59%) and Salmonella Typhimurium (n = 35; 59.32%). Almost all Salmonella isolates were susceptible to all tested antimicrobials except three. Despite the low resistance to tetracyclines at the phenotypic level, approximately half of the strains carried tetA genes, which may be due to \u201csilent\u201d antimicrobial resistance genes. Diverse virulence genes were detected among the confirmed NTS serotypes. We found a predominance of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium from chicken carcasses with diverse virulence and resistance genes. As we detected differences between the slaughterhouses, an in-depth study should be performed on the risk of Salmonella in low- and high-throughput abattoirs. The integrated monitoring and surveillance of NTS in poultry is warranted in South Africa to aid in the design of mitigation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13081786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T06:37:47Z","timestamp":1754030267000},"page":"1786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characterization and Antimicrobial Resistance of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella from Poultry Carcass Rinsates in Selected Abattoirs of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bongi Beatrice","family":"Mankonkwana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, Empangeni 3886, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5400-343X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelyn","family":"Madoroba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, Empangeni 3886, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kudakwashe","family":"Magwedere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Emerging Infectious Diseases, Boston University, 111 Cummington Mall, Suite 140, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0780-6384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Butaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/21553769.2015.1051243","article-title":"Salmonella: A review on pathogenesis, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance","volume":"8","author":"Eng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. 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