{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:14:33Z","timestamp":1791904473946,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]],"date-time":"2025-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Agency for Research and Development of Chile (ANID)","award":["1210633"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1210633"]}]},{"name":"National Agency for Research and Development of Chile (ANID)","award":["1250419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1250419"]}]},{"name":"National Agency for Research and Development of Chile (ANID)","award":["220007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220007"]}]},{"name":"National Agency for Research and Development of Chile (ANID)","award":["240012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["240012"]}]},{"name":"National Agency for Research and Development of Chile (ANID)","award":["3230189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3230189"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salmonella is one of the main causes of food-borne illness worldwide. In most cases, Salmonella contamination can be traced back to food processing plants and\/or to cross-contamination during food preparation. To avoid food-borne diseases, food processing plants use sanitizers and biocidal to reduce bacterial contaminants below acceptable levels. Despite these preventive actions, Salmonella can survive and consequently affect human health. This study investigates the adaptive capacity of the main Salmonella enterica serotypes isolated from the poultry production line, focusing on their replication, antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm formation under stressors such as acidic conditions, oxidative environment, and high osmolarity. Using growth curve analysis, crystal violet staining, and microscopy, we assessed replication, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial resistance under acidic, oxidative, and osmotic stress conditions. Disinfectant tolerance was evaluated by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of sodium hypochlorite. The antibiotic resistance was assessed using the Kirby\u2013Bauer method. The results indicate that, in general, acidic and osmotic stress reduce the growth of Salmonella. However, no significant differences were observed specifically for serotypes Infantis, Heidelberg, and Corvallis. The S. Infantis isolates were the strongest biofilm producers and showed the highest prevalence of multidrug resistance (71%). Interestingly, S. Infantis forming biofilms required up to 8-fold higher concentrations of sodium hypochlorite for eradication. Furthermore, osmotic and oxidative stress significantly induced biofilm production in industrial S. Infantis isolates compared to a reference strain. Understanding how Salmonella responds to industrial stressors is vital for designing strategies to control the proliferation of these highly adapted, multi-resistant pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13081812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T09:41:17Z","timestamp":1754300477000},"page":"1812","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Resilient by Design: Environmental Stress Promotes Biofilm Formation and Multi-Resistance in Poultry-Associated Salmonella"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8681-8636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel I.","family":"Kr\u00fcger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 330, Santiago 8370146, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Aplicada y Extrem\u00f3filos, Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Antofagasta 1270709, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3495-5024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca","family":"Urbina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 330, Santiago 8370146, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0958-3268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Coral","family":"Pardo-Est\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 330, Santiago 8370146, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Ecolog\u00eda Molecular y Microbiolog\u00eda Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Antofagasta 1270709, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Salinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 330, Santiago 8370146, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javiera","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 330, Santiago 8370146, Chile"},{"name":"Allergic Inflammation Group, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1165 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Avil\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 330, Santiago 8370146, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Oviedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 330, Santiago 8370146, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3330-2520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catalina","family":"Kusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 330, Santiago 8370146, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Pavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 330, Santiago 8370146, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1391-320X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rolando","family":"Vernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Periodontal, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8330015, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4573-6460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Tello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Metagen\u00f3mica Bacteriana, Centro de Biotecnolog\u00eda Acu\u00edcola, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170124, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Alvarez-Thon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ingenier\u00eda de Materiales (CIIMAT), Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Arquitectura, Universidad Central, Santiago 8320000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Castro-Severyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 330, Santiago 8370146, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Aplicada y Extrem\u00f3filos, Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Antofagasta 1270709, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3930-2116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Remonsellez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Aplicada y Extrem\u00f3filos, Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Antofagasta 1270709, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7788-3185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Qu\u00edmica y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4248-8556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia P.","family":"Saavedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 330, Santiago 8370146, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (2023). 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