{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:36:10Z","timestamp":1760060170494,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]],"date-time":"2025-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNPq\/MCTI\/FNDCT","award":["407219\/2021-8","445041\/2023-4","314209\/2021-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["407219\/2021-8","445041\/2023-4","314209\/2021-2"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["407219\/2021-8","445041\/2023-4","314209\/2021-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["407219\/2021-8","445041\/2023-4","314209\/2021-2"]}]},{"name":"Public Notice PAPQ, PROPESP\/FADESP of the Federal University of Par\u00e1","award":["407219\/2021-8","445041\/2023-4","314209\/2021-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["407219\/2021-8","445041\/2023-4","314209\/2021-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) globally, linked to severe complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. In the Brazilian Amazon, socioeconomic vulnerability and the absence of screening policies exacerbate risks, particularly among female sex workers (FSWs). Objective: This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of anti-C. trachomatis IgG antibodies among FSWs in five municipalities of Par\u00e1 State, Brazilian Amazon, and identify epidemiological factors associated with infection. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study (2005\u20132007) included 348 FSWs recruited via convenience sampling. Sociodemographic and behavioral data were collected through questionnaires, and blood samples were analyzed by ELISA for anti-C. trachomatis IgG. Statistical analyses included Fisher\u2019s exact tests, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), using SPSS 21.0. Results: Overall seroprevalence was 93.9% (327\/348; 95% CI: 83.1\u201390%). Significant associations included a household income of 1\u20133 minimum wages (98.4%; p = 0.0002), sexual partners from the same region (98.8%; p = 0.0421), and age &gt;42 years (96.3%). Most reported inconsistent condom use (43.7%), multiple monthly partners (54.6%), and illicit drug use (53.4%). Discussion: The extremely high seroprevalence reflects chronic C. trachomatis exposure, driven by socioeconomic deprivation and limited healthcare access. Comparisons with global data underscore the urgent need for screening policies, absent in Brazil for FSWs, and highlight the vulnerability of this population. Conclusions: The findings reveal an alarming burden of C. trachomatis exposure among Amazonian FSWs. Integrated strategies, including routine screening, sexual health education, and inclusion of FSWs in priority health programs, are critical to reduce transmission and associated complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13081815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T09:41:17Z","timestamp":1754300477000},"page":"1815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Female Sex Workers in the Amazon Region of Brazil Are at High Risk of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Leonardo Gabriel Campelo Pinto de","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9322-6176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula do Socorro de Oliveira da Costa","family":"Laurindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela Assun\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Pantoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maurim\u00e9lia Mesquita da","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9911-8225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo Oliveira","family":"de Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4325-3695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe Bonfim","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Ministry of Brazil, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline Cortinhas","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0312-0553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Roberto de Souza","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2044-9350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosimar Neris Martins","family":"Feitosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6986-1309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rog\u00e9rio Valois","family":"Laurentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0253-7277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo Miranda dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Laboratory, Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66055-240, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4888-3530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldemir Branco","family":"Oliveira-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Study and Research Group on Vulnerable Populations, Institute for Coastal Studies, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bragan\u00e7a 68600-000, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4571-4715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Fernando Almeida","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Ong, J., Tang, W., and Wang, C. 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