{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T01:05:47Z","timestamp":1789088747135,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,17]],"date-time":"2025-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangdong province","award":["2023B0202010029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023B0202010029"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangdong province","award":["NT2025005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NT2025005"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangdong province","award":["2024CXTD20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CXTD20"]}]},{"name":"China Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture Project","award":["2023B0202010029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023B0202010029"]}]},{"name":"China Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture Project","award":["NT2025005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NT2025005"]}]},{"name":"China Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture Project","award":["2024CXTD20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CXTD20"]}]},{"name":"construction project of the modern agricultural science and technology innovation alliance in Guangdong province","award":["2023B0202010029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023B0202010029"]}]},{"name":"construction project of the modern agricultural science and technology innovation alliance in Guangdong province","award":["NT2025005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NT2025005"]}]},{"name":"construction project of the modern agricultural science and technology innovation alliance in Guangdong province","award":["2024CXTD20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CXTD20"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The molecular basis for the distinct intestinal tropism of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains remains poorly understood. This study identifies the S2 subunit of the spike glycoprotein as the critical determinant conferring duodenal tropism to the IBV CSL strain. Comparative pathogenesis in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks revealed that the CSL strain achieved significantly higher viral titers in the duodenum compared to strains D90, PYG QX1, and XXX QX5. This duodenal replication was associated with severe epithelial inflammation, characterized by upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-17A, IL-22, TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b2, IFN-\u03b3) and disruption of barrier integrity via downregulation of tight junction proteins (Occludin, Claudin-1, ZO-1). Crucially, reverse genetics using the non-enterotropic D90 backbone demonstrated that recombinant viruses carrying the CSL-S2 gene (rD90-\u0394S\/CSL and rD90-\u0394S2\/CSL), but not those carrying CSL-S1 (rD90-\u0394S1\/CSL), replicated efficiently and induced inflammation in the duodenum, phenocopying wild-type CSL. In contrast, renal tropism was independent of the S2 subunit. These findings establish the S2 subunit as both necessary and sufficient for IBV duodenal tropism, uncoupling it from renal pathogenicity. This identifies S2 as a prime molecular target for developing next-generation vaccines against intestinal IBV pathotypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13081918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T07:53:12Z","timestamp":1755503592000},"page":"1918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The S2 Glycoprotein Subunit Determines Intestinal Tropism in Infectious Bronchitis Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhenkai","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Arts, Design & Architecture, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benli","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Chuxiong Vocational High School, Chuxiong 675000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengzhong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keyu","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanming","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3232-4929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingmei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isham, I.M., Abd-Elsalam, R.M., Mahmoud, M.E., Najimudeen, S.M., Ranaweera, H.A., Ali, A., Hassan, M.S.H., Cork, S.C., Gupta, A., and Abdul-Careem, M.F. 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