{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:09:25Z","timestamp":1785542965377,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UI\/00772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/00772"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UI\/00772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/00772"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important pathogen associated with multidrug resistance and virulence in both human and animal populations. While its prevalence and resistance patterns are well documented in clinical settings, data on K. pneumoniae in food-producing animals remain scarce. This study aimed to isolate and characterize multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae strains from healthy rabbits raised for human consumption, with a focus on antimicrobial resistance genes, plasmid content, and associated mobile genetic elements. A total of 295 fecal samples were collected from rabbits across 20 commercial farms in northern Portugal. Isolates were confirmed using MALDI-TOF MS, tested for hypermucoviscosity, and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing (EUCAST). Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed to determine sequence types (STs), resistance genes, plasmids, and resistance determinants for metals and biocides. Six K. pneumoniae isolates were recovered, showing extensive antimicrobial resistance profiles, including ESBL genes such as blaCTX-M-15, blaSHV-28, and blaTEM-1. The most frequent ST was ST307. Multiple genes resistant to heavy metals were identified. Plasmid analysis revealed the presence of IncFII, IncN, and ColRNAI types. Network analysis showed clusters of genetically related isolates and highlighted shared resistance mechanisms. The presence of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae in healthy rabbits destined for human consumption underscores the zoonotic potential of this species and the need for surveillance in the animal\u2013food\u2013human interface. These findings contribute to a better understanding of resistance ecology in the context of One Health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13081931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T13:28:22Z","timestamp":1755523702000},"page":"1931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genomic Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant and ESBL-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Healthy Rabbits Intended for Human Consumption"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9406-8433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2077-6231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Cani\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3434-1582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rani","family":"Rivi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0925-689X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Poeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CECAV\u2014Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6365-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilberto","family":"Igrejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., and Ni, M. (2023). Regulation of biofilm formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1238482"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbas, R., Chakkour, M., Zein El Dine, H., Obaseki, E.F., Obeid, S.T., Jezzini, A., Ghssein, G., and Ezzeddine, Z. (2024). General Overview of Klebsiella pneumonia: Epidemiology and the Role of Siderophores in Its Pathogenicity. Biology, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13020078"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2017). Global Priority List of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria to Guide Research, Discovery, and Development of New Antibiotics, WHO."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00008-23","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00008-23","article-title":"Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase variants: The new threat to global public health","volume":"36","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, S., Silva, V., Quintelas, M., Martins, \u00c2., Igrejas, G., and Poeta, P. (2025). From soil to surface water: Exploring Klebsiella\u2019s clonal lineages and antibiotic resistance odyssey in environmental health. BMC Microbiol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-03798-8"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-020-00875-w","article-title":"The Animal-foods-environment interface of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Germany: An observational study on pathogenicity, resistance development and the current situation","volume":"52","author":"Wareth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerra, M.E.S., Destro, G., Vieira, B., Lima, A.S., Ferraz, L.F.C., Hakansson, A.P., Darrieux, M., and Converso, T.R. (2022). Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilms and their role in disease pathogenesis. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.877995"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-016-0089-9","article-title":"Recent research examining links among Klebsiella pneumoniae from food, food animals, and human extraintestinal infections","volume":"3","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klaper, K., Hammerl, J.A., Rau, J., Pfeifer, Y., and Werner, G. (2021). Genome-Based Analysis of Klebsiella spp. Isolates from Animals and Food Products in Germany, 2013\u20132017. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050573"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M.T., Sobur, M.A., Islam, M.S., Ievy, S., Hossain, M.J., El Zowalaty, M.E., Rahman, A.T., and Ashour, H.M. (2020). Zoonotic diseases: Etiology, impact, and control. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091405"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab118","article-title":"Characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae complex isolates from pigs and humans in farms in Thailand: Population genomic structure, antibiotic resistance and virulence genes","volume":"76","author":"Leangapichart","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ433","article-title":"Editorial commentary: Genomic epidemiology: Revealing hidden reservoirs for Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"61","author":"Manges","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2022.2121362","article-title":"Global spread and evolutionary convergence of multidrug-resistant and hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae high-risk clones","volume":"117","author":"Arcari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2024.06.018","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance rates in hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae strains: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Beig","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14223","article-title":"Plasmid evolution in carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: A review","volume":"1457","author":"Kopotsa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review of Carbapenems Resistance in the Current World","volume":"4","author":"Kimani","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Biomed. Lab. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.2174\/1874279301911010022","article-title":"A global overview of \u03b2-lactam resistance genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"11","author":"Ferrari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S453025","article-title":"Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and developments in therapeutic strategies to combat Klebsiella pneumoniae infection","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2022-0097","article-title":"Klebsiella pneumoniae: An update on antibiotic resistance mechanisms","volume":"18","author":"Rahdar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106899","article-title":"Metagenomic evidence for co-occurrence of antibiotic, biocide and metal resistance genes in pigs","volume":"158","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crovato, S., Menegon, F., Mascarello, G., Pinto, A., Nadin, A., Piovan, G., Ricaldi, G., Di Martino, G., and Pozza, G. (2023). Development of a training strategy aimed at increasing veterinarians\u2019 awareness of the proper use of antibiotics on rabbit farms. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13152411"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4995\/wrs.2022.13390","article-title":"Rabbit meat trade of major countries: Regional pattern and driving forces","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Rabbit Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.21011\/apn.2024.3907","article-title":"Effect of three cooking methods on cooking loss and edible weight of rabbit meat","volume":"39","author":"Ferreira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Port. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antunes, P., Novais, C., and Peixe, L. (2019). Food-to-Humans Bacterial Transmission. Microbial Transmission, John Wiley and Sons.","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555819743.ch9"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.61751\/bmbr.2706-6290.2023.2.67","article-title":"Spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and mechanisms of their transmission from animal to human","volume":"5","author":"Zahrychuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2006.01641.x","article-title":"Clinical implications of hypermucoviscosity phenotype in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates: Association with invasive syndrome in patients with community-acquired bacteraemia","volume":"259","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"EUCAST European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) (2025, January 30). Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters Version 8.0. EUCAST: 2018. Available online: http:\/\/www.eucast.org."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Azcona, C., Jim\u00e9nez-Ruiz, S., Santos, N., Del Campo-Fern\u00e1ndez, I., Rojas-Tigasi, K., \u00c1lvarez-G\u00f3mez, T., Mara\u00f1\u00f3n-Clemente, I., Eguiz\u00e1bal, P., Abdullahi, I.N., and Alonso, C.A. (2025). Culturomics Profiling of Nasal Cavities of European Wild Rabbits on the Iberian Peninsula: Antimicrobial Resistance and Detection of Microorganisms of Public Health Interest. Pathogens, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14040317"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.10.007","article-title":"Longitudinal study on antimicrobial consumption and resistance in rabbit farming","volume":"51","author":"Agnoletti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, A., Silva, V., Tavares, T., L\u00f3pez, M., Rojo-Bezares, B., Pereira, J.E., Falco, V., Valent\u00e3o, P., Igrejas, G., and S\u00e1enz, Y. (2024). Rabbits as a Reservoir of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli: Clonal Lineages and Public Health Impact. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13040376"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.09.004","article-title":"V Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica in Canadian commercial meat, companion, laboratory, and shelter rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and its association with routine antimicrobial use in commercial meat","volume":"147","author":"Kylie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, C., Wang, Z., Li, Y., and Huang, J. (2024). Antibiotic resistance spectrums of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. strains against commonly used antimicrobials from commercial meat-rabbit farms in Chengdu City, Southwest China. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1369655"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"28","article-title":"Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Carbapenemase-Producing Gram-Negative Bacteria in Saint Petersburg and Some Other Regions of the Russian Federation","volume":"61","author":"Lazareva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antibiot. i Khimioterapiia = Antibiot. Chemoterapy [SIC]"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4953","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6079-5","article-title":"Genetic background of novel sequence types of CTX-M-8-and CTX-M-15-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from public wastewater treatment plants in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"23","author":"Dropa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harada, K., Shimizu, T., Mukai, Y., Kuwajima, K., Sato, T., Usui, M., Tamura, Y., Kimura, Y., Miyamoto, T., and Tsuyuki, Y. (2016). Phenotypic and molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Klebsiella spp. isolates from companion animals in Japan: Clonal dissemination of multidrug-resistant extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01021"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky492","article-title":"Emergence and rapid global dissemination of CTX-M-15-associated Klebsiella pneumoniae strain ST307","volume":"74","author":"Wyres","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"e000110","article-title":"Diversity, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance of the KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST307 clone","volume":"3","author":"Villa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pulss, S., Stolle, I., Stamm, I., Leidner, U., Heydel, C., Semmler, T., Prenger-Berninghoff, E., and Ewers, C. (2018). Multispecies and clonal dissemination of OXA-48 carbapenemase in Enterobacteriaceae from companion animals in Germany, 2009\u20142016. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01265"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, M., Garcias, B., Duran, I., Molina-L\u00f3pez, R.A., and Darwich, L. (2023). Current Situation of Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles in Pet Rabbits in Spain. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10050352"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wahl, A., Fischer, M.A., Klaper, K., M\u00fcller, A., Borgmann, S., Friesen, J., Hunfeld, K.-P., Ilmberger, A., Kolbe-Busch, S., and Kresken, M. (2024). Presence of hypervirulence-associated determinants in Klebsiella pneumoniae from hospitalised patients in Germany. Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 314.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2024.151601"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mshana, S.E., Fritzenwanker, M., Falgenhauer, L., Domann, E., Hain, T., Chakraborty, T., and Imirzalioglu, C. (2015). Molecular epidemiology and characterization of an outbreak causing Klebsiella pneumoniae clone carrying chromosomally located bla CTX-M-15 at a German University-Hospital. BMC Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0460-2"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2024.04.014","article-title":"Molecular surveillance of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales in two nearby tertiary hospitals to identify regional spread of high-risk clones in Germany, 2019\u20132020","volume":"149","author":"Boutin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2404.171787","article-title":"mcr-1 in carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae with hospitalized patients, Portugal, 2016\u20132017","volume":"24","author":"Mendes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Ni, L., Guan, H., Chen, D., Qin, S., and Chen, L. (2022). First Report of Potentially Pathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae from Serotype K2 in Mollusk Tegillarca granosa and Genetic Diversity of Klebsiella pneumoniae in 14 Species of Edible Aquatic Animals. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11244058"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4188","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24448-3","article-title":"A genomic surveillance framework and genotyping tool for Klebsiella pneumoniae and its related species complex","volume":"12","author":"Lam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03890-z","article-title":"Identification of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates using the string test in combination with Galleria mellonella infectivity","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa447","article-title":"IS 26-mediated amplification of bla OXA-1 and bla CTX-M-15 with concurrent outer membrane porin disruption associated with de novo carbapenem resistance in a recurrent bacteraemia cohort","volume":"76","author":"Shropshire","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, L., Liu, Z., Liu, C., Li, C., Shen, H., and Cao, X. (2023). The distribution characteristics of global blaOXA-carrying Klebsiella pneumoniae. BMC Infect. Dis., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08156-5"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104319","article-title":"The determination of gyrA and parC mutations and the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumonia ST11 and ST76 strains isolated from patients in Heilongjiang Province, China","volume":"82","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S298515","article-title":"Characterization of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae st15 clone coproducing kpc-2, ctx-m-15 and shv-28 spread in an intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.02.036","article-title":"Analysis of diverse \u03b2-lactamases presenting high-level resistance in association with OmpK35 and OmpK36 porins in ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"29","author":"Ejaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, I., Chenouf, N.S., Carvalho, J.A., Castro, A.P., Silva, V., Capita, R., Alonso-Calleja, C., Nunes Enes Dapkevicius, M.L., Igrejas, G., and Torres, C. (2021). Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae harboring extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase encoding genes isolated from human septicemias. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250525"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.3c00359","article-title":"Chloramphenicol Binding Sites of Acinetobacter baumannii Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase CatB8","volume":"10","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giuliano, A., and Almendros, A. (2022). Retrospective Evaluation of a Combination of Carboplatin and Bleomycin for the Treatment of Canine Carcinomas. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12182340"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, M.C. (2019). Tetracyclines: Mode of action and their bacterial mechanisms of resistance. Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics\u2013From Molecules to Man, John Wiley and Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119593522.ch5"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X., Liu, J., Feng, J., Shabbir, M.A.B., Feng, Y., Guo, R., Zhou, M., Hou, S., Wang, G., and Hao, H. (2022). Epidemiology, environmental risks, virulence, and resistance determinants of Klebsiella pneumoniae from dairy cows in Hubei, China. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.858799"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"9828504","article-title":"Florfenicol Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae and Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis of Florfenicol-Resistant Leclercia adecarboxylata Strain R25","volume":"2019","author":"Ying","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Genom."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gavil\u00e1n, R.E., Nebot, C., Patyra, E., Vazquez, B., Miranda, J.M., and Cepeda, A. (2019). Determination of Florfenicol, Thiamfenicol and Chloramfenicol at Trace Levels in Animal Feed by HPLC\u2013MS\/MS. Antibiotics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8020059"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2023.02.005","article-title":"In vitro activity of apramycin against 16S-RMTase-producing Gram-negative isolates","volume":"33","author":"Liberge","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, M., Li, J., Liu, Z., Xia, F., Min, C., Hu, Y., Wang, H., and Zou, M. (2023). Clonal transmission of polymyxin B-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates coharboring bla NDM-1 and bla KPC-2 in a tertiary hospital in China. BMC Microbiol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02808-x"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2023.04.013","article-title":"Genomic analysis of fluoroquinolone-resistant Leclercia adecarboxylata carrying the ISKpn19-orf-qnrS1-\u0394IS3-blaLAP-2 module in a synanthropic pigeon, Brazil","volume":"33","author":"Sano","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2774","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkad261","article-title":"Detection of cfr in Klebsiella pneumoniae from pig feed in China","volume":"78","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liakopoulos, A., Mevius, D., and Ceccarelli, D. (2016). A review of SHV extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases: Neglected yet ubiquitous. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01374"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, Y., Jiang, Y., Ishaq, H.M., Liu, W., Liao, W., Chen, P., and Yang, F. (2022). Molecular Characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Sputum. Res. Sq.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1311414\/v1"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04584-22","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04584-22","article-title":"First report of OXA-181-producing Enterobacterales isolates in Latin America","volume":"11","author":"Cuicapuza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turton, J.F., Perry, C., and Claxton, A. (2022). Do plasmids containing heavy metal resistance genes play a role in neonatal sepsis and invasive disease caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella variicola?. J. Med. Microbiol., 71.","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001486"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguilar-Ancori, E.G., Marin-Carrasco, M., Campo-Pfuyo, L.I., Mu\u00f1iz-Duran, J.G., and Espinoza-Culup\u00fa, A. (2025). Identification of pandemic ST147, ESBL-type \u03b2-lactamases, carbapenemases, and virulence factors in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from southern Peru. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-97464-8"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01773-21","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01773-21","article-title":"The role of ZntA in Klebsiella pneumoniae zinc homeostasis","volume":"10","author":"Maunders","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2023.104081","article-title":"Effects of co-selection of antibiotic-resistance and metal-resistance genes on antibiotic-resistance potency of environmental bacteria and related ecological risk factors","volume":"98","author":"Engin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, C.K., Sodhi, K.K., Shree, P., and Nitin, V. (2024). Heavy Metals as Catalysts in the Evolution of Antimicrobial Resistance and the Mechanisms Underpinning Co-selection. Curr. Microbiol., 81.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-024-03648-2"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s44259-024-00026-7","article-title":"Co-selection for antibiotic resistance by environmental contaminants","volume":"2","author":"Murray","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rensing, C., Moodley, A., Cavaco, L.M., and McDevitt, S.F. (2018). Resistance to metals used in agricultural production. Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria from Livestock and Companion Animals, John Wiley and Sons.","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555819804.ch5"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e5konsholm, F., Hetland, M.A.K., L\u00f6hr, I.H., Lunestad, B.T., and Marathe, N.P. (2023). Co-localization of clinically relevant antibiotic- and heavy metal resistance genes on plasmids in Klebsiella pneumoniae from marine bivalves. MicrobiologyOpen, 12.","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1368"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2016.04.001","article-title":"Complete nucleotide sequence of pH11, an IncHI2 plasmid conferring multi-antibiotic resistance and multi-heavy metal resistance genes in a clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate","volume":"86","author":"Zhai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plasmid"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2020.114727","article-title":"Alternatives to antibiotics and trace elements (copper and zinc) to improve gut health and zootechnical parameters in piglets: A review","volume":"271","author":"Pechova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro-Almeida, M., Mour\u00e3o, J., Rodrigues, I.C., de Carvalho, A.P., da Costa, P.M., Peixe, L., and Antunes, P. (2025). Persistence of mcr-1-carrying E. coli in rabbit meat production: Challenges beyond long-term colistin withdrawal. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 439.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111248"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamm, L., Thuerig, B., Apostolov, S., Blogg, H., Borgo, E., Corneo, P.E., Fittje, S., de Palma, M., Donko, A., and Experton, C. (2022). Use of copper-based fungicides in organic agriculture in twelve European countries. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12030673"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Bampidis, V., Azimonti, G., Bastos, M.d.L., Christensen, H., Dusemund, B., Durjava, M., Kouba, M., L\u00f3pez-Alonso, M., and L\u00f3pez Puente, S. (2023). Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of copper (II)-betaine complex for all animal species (Biochem Zusatzstoffe Handels-und Produktionsges. mbH). EFSA J., 21, e07817.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.8460"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) (2016). Revision of the currently authorised maximum copper content in complete feed. EFSA J., 14, e04563.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2016.4563"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) (2016). Safety and efficacy of dicopper oxide as feed additive for all animal species. EFSA J., 14, e04509.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2016.4509"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv2tsx8tx.13","article-title":"Arsenic-based drugs were widely used in meat production in twentieth","volume":"21","author":"Landecker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Risk Table Food Prod. Health Environ."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3382\/japr\/pfy059","article-title":"Effect of a polyherbal or an arsenic-containing feed additive on growth performance of broiler chickens, intestinal microbiota, intestinal morphology, and lipid oxidation of breast and thigh meat","volume":"28","author":"Giannenas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gillieatt, B.F., and Coleman, N. (2024). V Unravelling the mechanisms of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance co-selection in environmental bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 48.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuae017"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bazzi, W., Abou Fayad, A.G., Nasser, A., Haraoui, L.-P., Dewachi, O., Abou-Sitta, G., Nguyen, V.-K., Abara, A., Karah, N., and Landecker, H. (2020). Heavy metal toxicity in armed conflicts potentiates AMR in A. baumannii by selecting for antibiotic and heavy metal co-resistance mechanisms. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00068"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.372","article-title":"Evidence for co-selection of antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements in metal polluted urban soils","volume":"656","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatzidimitriou, M., Tsolakidou, P., Kyriazidi, M.A., Varlamis, S., Frydas, I.S., Mavridou, M., and Mitka, S. (2025). Report of High-Risk Carbapenem-Resistant K. pneumoniae ST307 Clone Producing KPC-2, SHV-106, CTX-M-15, and VEB-1 in Greece. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14060567"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guzman-Otazo, J., Joffr\u00e9, E., Agramont, J., Mamani, N., Jutkina, J., Boulund, F., Hu, Y.O.O., Jumilla-Lorenz, D., Farewell, A., and Larsson, D.G.J. (2022). Conjugative transfer of multi-drug resistance IncN plasmids from environmental waterborne bacteria to Escherichia coli. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.997849"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E238","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12128","article-title":"IncI1 plasmids associated with the spread of CMY-2, CTX-M-1 and SHV-12 in Escherichia coli of animal and human origin","volume":"19","author":"Accogli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268822000814","article-title":"Plasmid profile analysis of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolated from pigs, pork and humans","volume":"150","author":"Puangseree","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/8\/1931\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:30:04Z","timestamp":1760034604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/8\/1931"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms13081931"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms13081931","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]}}}