{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:30:18Z","timestamp":1791945018501,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Canada","award":["RGPIN-2025-0704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2025-0704"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Some bacterial species within the Enterobacteriaceae family possess different types of fimbrial (pili) adhesins that promote adherence to cells and colonization of host tissues. One of the well-characterized fimbrial systems is the pap operon, which encodes P fimbriae, a key virulence factor in urinary and systemic infections. One of the key regulators of P fimbriae is the transcriptional regulator PapB which plays a pivotal role as a master switch, not only by directing phase-variable expression of its own operon but also by influencing expression of heterologous fimbrial systems. This review explores the structural organization, biogenesis, and multi-tiered regulatory control of P fimbriae, with emphasis on PapB and homologous regulatory proteins such as SfaB, FocB, PixB, and PefB. Comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses reveal that regulators belonging to the PapB family are evolutionarily conserved across \u03c0-fimbrial systems and also regulate other types of fimbriae. These regulators respond to epigenetic changes, host-derived signals, and global transcriptional cues to control levels of production of specific fimbriae in a bacterial population to dynamically modulate bacterial adhesion in different environmental niches. Optimally, understanding these mechanisms could lead to novel approaches to perturb PapB-family proteins and abrogate production of some types of fimbriae as a targeted strategy to prevent bacterial infections dependent on adherence mediated by PapB family regulators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13081939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T13:18:14Z","timestamp":1755695894000},"page":"1939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["PapB Family Regulators as Master Switches of Fimbrial Expression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2167-4261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fariba","family":"Akrami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Sant\u00e9 Biotechnologie, 531 Boul des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al Saint-Hyacinthe, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Jamali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Sant\u00e9 Biotechnologie, 531 Boul des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al Saint-Hyacinthe, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9197-9335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mansoor","family":"Kodori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noncommunicable Diseases Research Centre, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 7661771967, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4832-3936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles M.","family":"Dozois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Sant\u00e9 Biotechnologie, 531 Boul des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al Saint-Hyacinthe, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2006.00144.x","article-title":"Diffusely adherent Escherichia coli strains expressing Afa\/Dr adhesins (Afa\/Dr DAEC): Hitherto unrecognized pathogens","volume":"256","author":"Servin","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. 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