{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T11:02:12Z","timestamp":1789556532936,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":186,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ocular surface microbiome consists of microorganisms that play an important role in maintaining homeostasis and preventing disease from invading pathogens. Commensal microbes on the ocular surface interact with cells and molecules of the ocular surface immune system to promote immune tolerance to the normal flora of the ocular surface and facilitate immune protection against invading pathogenic microbes, which allows for a disease-free ocular surface. Various factors can impact the composition, distribution, and diversity of the ocular surface microbiome, including age, gender, disease state, antibiotic treatment, and contact lens use. In addition, there is no cohesive consensus on the species that make up the ocular surface microbes. There is, however, thorough research present on other similar mucosal membranes, such as the gut and oral mucosa, that share similarities with the ocular mucosa. Exploring the relationship of different mucosae allows us to explore treatment options for common ocular diseases such as dry eye syndrome. This review highlights studies that define the ocular surface microbiome, its diversity and composition, host\u2013immune interactions at the ocular surface, factors that cause dysbiosis of the ocular surface microbiome, the impact of dysbiosis on the ocular surface microbiome, and microbiome-based therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13091992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T08:19:32Z","timestamp":1756282772000},"page":"1992","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Ocular Surface Microbiome in Homeostasis and Dysbiosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fiza","family":"Tariq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Drexel University, 8360 Old York Road, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navpreet K.","family":"Hehar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Drexel University, 8360 Old York Road, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4321-2735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"DeGaulle I.","family":"Chigbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Drexel University, 8360 Old York Road, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.08.006","article-title":"Elucidating the Role of the Microbiome in Ocular Diseases","volume":"193","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. 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