{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T16:37:37Z","timestamp":1773160657284,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)","award":["187236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["187236"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)","award":["2024-MGF-000316 (91353)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-MGF-000316 (91353)"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)","award":["2023-2565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-2565"]}]},{"name":"Mpox Rapid Research Funding Initiative","award":["187236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["187236"]}]},{"name":"Mpox Rapid Research Funding Initiative","award":["2024-MGF-000316 (91353)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-MGF-000316 (91353)"]}]},{"name":"Mpox Rapid Research Funding Initiative","award":["2023-2565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-2565"]}]},{"name":"Moderna Global Fellowship 2024","award":["187236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["187236"]}]},{"name":"Moderna Global Fellowship 2024","award":["2024-MGF-000316 (91353)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-MGF-000316 (91353)"]}]},{"name":"Moderna Global Fellowship 2024","award":["2023-2565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-2565"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020170","name":"Research Nova Scotia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["187236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["187236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020170","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020170","name":"Research Nova Scotia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024-MGF-000316 (91353)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-MGF-000316 (91353)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020170","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020170","name":"Research Nova Scotia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-2565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-2565"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020170","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Dalhousie Medical Research Foundation","award":["187236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["187236"]}]},{"name":"Dalhousie Medical Research Foundation","award":["2024-MGF-000316 (91353)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-MGF-000316 (91353)"]}]},{"name":"Dalhousie Medical Research Foundation","award":["2023-2565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-2565"]}]},{"name":"Li-Ka Shing Foundation","award":["187236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["187236"]}]},{"name":"Li-Ka Shing Foundation","award":["2024-MGF-000316 (91353)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-MGF-000316 (91353)"]}]},{"name":"Li-Ka Shing Foundation","award":["2023-2565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-2565"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During infectious disease outbreaks, acquiring genetic data across various kingdoms offers essential information to tailor precise treatment methodologies and bolster clinical, epidemiological, and public health awareness. Metagenomics sequencing has paved the way for personalized treatment approaches and streamlined the monitoring process for both co-infections and opportunistic infections. In this study, we conducted long-read metagenomic DNA sequencing on mpox-like lesion pustules from six suspected patients who were positive and confirmed to be infected with MPXV during the MPXV subclade Ib outbreak in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. The sequenced data were taxonomically classified as bacterial, fungal, and viral in composition. Our results show a wide spectrum of microorganisms present in the lesions. Bacteria such as Corynebacterium amycolatum, Gardnerella vaginalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterobacter clocae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were found in the lesions. The viral classification of the reads pointed out the absolute predominance of the monkeypox virus. Taken together, the outcomes of this investigation underscore the potential involvement of microorganisms in mpox lesions and the possible role that co-infections played in exacerbating disease severity and transmission during the MPXV subclade Ib outbreak.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13092025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T16:18:15Z","timestamp":1756484295000},"page":"2025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Trans-Kingdom Spectrum of Mpox-like Lesion Pustules of Suspect Patients in the Mpox Clade Ib Outbreak in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0688-5688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandre Murhula","family":"Masirika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles de Lwiro, DS Bukavu, Sud-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"SaBio Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos IREC, Universidade de Castilla-LaMancha & CSIC, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Cuidad Real, Spain"},{"name":"Congo Outbreaks, Research and Development, DS Bukavu, South-Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0941-5720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Hewins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Jinping, Shantou 512025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Toloue Ostadgavahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Jinping, Shantou 512025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mansi","family":"Dutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Jinping, Shantou 512025, China"},{"name":"BioForge Canada Limited, Halifax, NS B3N 3B9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9andre Mutimbwa","family":"Mambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zone de Sant\u00e9 de Kamituga, Kamituga, Sud-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8370-7113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean Claude","family":"Udahemuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Nyagatare P.O. Box 57, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3285-2622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pacifique","family":"Ndishimye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stansile Research Organization, Kigali P.O. Box 5377, Rwanda"},{"name":"Research and Innovation Centre, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS), Kigali P.O. Box 6428, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin Bengehya","family":"Mbiribindi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Provinciale de la Sant\u00e9, DS Bukavu, Sud-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Freddy Belesi","family":"Siangoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Provinciale de la Sant\u00e9, DS Bukavu, Sud-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Kelvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"},{"name":"BioForge Canada Limited, Halifax, NS B3N 3B9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morgan G. I.","family":"Langille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Kelvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Jinping, Shantou 512025, China"},{"name":"BioForge Canada Limited, Halifax, NS B3N 3B9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0089-4716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles de Lwiro, DS Bukavu, Sud-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"One Health Conservation Initiative, Katana, Kabare, Sud-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Centre de Rehabilitation des Primates de Lwiro, Lwiro, DS Bukavu, Sud-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7656-0579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"Sganzerla Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Jinping, Shantou 512025, China"},{"name":"BioForge Canada Limited, Halifax, NS B3N 3B9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5023-7618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anuj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Jinping, Shantou 512025, China"},{"name":"BioForge Canada Limited, Halifax, NS B3N 3B9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"593","article-title":"A Human Infection Caused by Monkeypox Virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"46","author":"Ladnyj","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull. 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