{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:03:43Z","timestamp":1791000223767,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents a global health challenge, necessitating comprehensive surveillance and intervention strategies. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a promising tool that can be utilized for AMR monitoring by offering population-level insights into microbial dynamics and resistance gene dissemination in communities. This review (n = 29 papers) examines the current landscape of utilizing WBE for AMR surveillance with a focus on methodologies, findings, and gaps in understanding. Reported methods from the reviewed literature included culture-based, PCR-based, whole genome sequencing, mass spectrometry, bioinformatics\/metagenomics, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing to identify and measure antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in wastewater, as well as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to measure antibiotic residues. Results indicate Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. are the most prevalent antibiotic-resistant bacterial species with hospital effluent demonstrating higher abundances of clinically relevant resistance genes including bla, bcr, qnrS, mcr, sul1, erm, and tet genes compared to measurements from local treatment plants. The most reported antibiotics in influent wastewater across studies analyzed include azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, and clarithromycin. The influence of seasonal variation on the ARG profiles of communities differed amongst studies indicating additional factors hold significance when examining the conference of AMR within communities. Despite these findings, knowledge gaps remain, including longitudinal studies in multiple and diverse geographical regions and understanding co-resistance mechanisms in relation to the complexities of population contributors to AMR. This review underscores the urgent need for collaborative and interdisciplinary efforts to safeguard public health and preserve antimicrobial efficacy. Further investigation on the use of WBE to understand these unique population-level drivers of AMR is advised in a proposed framework to inform best practice approaches moving forward.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13092073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T14:53:01Z","timestamp":1757083981000},"page":"2073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Use of Wastewater to Monitor Antimicrobial Resistance Trends in Communities and Implications for Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: A Review of the Recent Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hannah B.","family":"Malcom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Suite 401, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devin A.","family":"Bowes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Suite 401, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global Burden of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance in 2019: A Systematic Analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-018-0181-x","article-title":"The Evolving Response to Antibiotic Resistance (1945\u20132018)","volume":"4","author":"Podolsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Palgrave Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2025, May 17). 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