{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:05:54Z","timestamp":1790856354325,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastrointestinal (GI) interventional endoscopy has evolved into a cornerstone of modern gastroenterology, offering minimally invasive solutions for complex conditions. However, these procedures are not without risk, particularly with respect to post-procedural infections. While rare, such infections can have significant clinical consequences and are increasingly recognized as a public health concern. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of infections associated with GI endoscopy, focusing on transmission mechanisms, microbial agents involved, host susceptibility, preventive strategies, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Infections following GI endoscopy remain infrequent but clinically significant, particularly in high-risk procedures such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasound. Duodenoscopes represent a major vector for exogenous infection, often involving multidrug-resistant bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus spp. Host-related factors increase the risk of infection. Risk factors associated with post-endoscopic infections include advanced age, male sex, non-white ethnicity, immunosuppression, presence of cholangiocarcinoma, autoimmune diseases, liver cirrhosis of viral and\/or alcoholic etiology, chronic kidney disease, high-risk cardiac conditions, or chemotherapy. New reprocessing methods, such as ethylene oxide gas sterilization, automated endoscope reprocessors, and selective use of single-use endoscopes and duodenoscopes, may contribute to lowering infection rates. Greater awareness of infection risks, improved infection control practices, and adherence to updated guidelines are crucial for enhancing patient safety in digestive endoscopy. Multidisciplinary strategies, including surveillance, device innovation, and personalized risk assessment, are needed to address this evolving challenge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13092128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T10:50:04Z","timestamp":1757587804000},"page":"2128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Comprehensive Review of Digestive Endoscopy-Associated Infections: Bacterial Pathogens, Host Susceptibility, and the Impact of Viral Hepatitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2984-4727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deniz","family":"G\u00fcn\u0219ahin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 105402 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasile","family":"\u0218andru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 105402 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5382-4765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Constantinescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 105402 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u0103d\u0103lina","family":"Ilie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 105402 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6263-7030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teodor","family":"Cabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 105402 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramona \u0218tefania","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cProf. Dr. Matei Bal\u0219\u201d, 021105 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1984-791X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan Silviu","family":"Ungureanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2318-5365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Daniel","family":"Miron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cProf. Dr. Matei Bal\u0219\u201d, 021105 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gheorghe G.","family":"Balan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Cotig\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency University Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5336-5789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Miutescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Advanced Regional Research Center in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8147-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fcl\u015fen","family":"\u00d6zkaya \u015eahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 20502 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"},{"name":"Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, 22242 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2586-4070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oana","family":"S\u0103ndulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cProf. Dr. Matei Bal\u0219\u201d, 021105 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, 023993 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Infection Science Forum, 030175 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.21037\/tgh-21-14","article-title":"The new era of interventional endoscopy","volume":"7","author":"Tyberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/00001574-200111000-00008","article-title":"Interventional endoscopy","volume":"17","author":"Wassef","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2023.12.001","article-title":"History of the Interventional Pancreaticobiliary Endoscopy","volume":"34","author":"Chon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2020.06.007","article-title":"The Endoscopy Patient as a Vector and Victim","volume":"30","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tgie.2019.04.006","article-title":"Endoscope-associated infections: A brief summary of the current state and views toward the future","volume":"21","author":"Rauwers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tech. Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315308","article-title":"Rates of infection after colonoscopy and osophagogastroduodenoscopy in ambulatory surgery centres in the USA","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-022-07441-8","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Endoscopy-Associated Infections: Update on an Emerging Issue","volume":"67","author":"Deb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002495","article-title":"Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Antibiotics for Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Patients with Biliary Obstruction","volume":"119","author":"Leem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1171","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2415-9414","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis in digestive endoscopy: Guidelines from the French Society of Digestive Endoscopy","volume":"12","author":"Karsenti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.04.003","article-title":"Endoscope processing effectiveness: A reality check and call to action for infection preventionists and clinicians","volume":"53","author":"Ofstead","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"ECRI Institute (2018). Top 10 Health Technology Hazards for 2018, ECRI Institute. Contract No.: HAZ-18."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(18)30168-7","article-title":"Scoping the problem: Endoscopy-associated infections","volume":"3","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2020.08.013","article-title":"A History of Flexible Gastrointestinal Endoscopy","volume":"100","author":"Ponsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Chandrasekhara, V., Elmunzer, B.J., Khashab, M.A., and Muthusamy, V.R. (2019). 3\u2014How Endoscopes Work. Clinical Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Elsevier. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2016.09.008","article-title":"Infectious complications in gastrointestinal endoscopy and their prevention","volume":"30","author":"Kovaleva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e065077","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-065077","article-title":"Risk factors for infections after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): A retrospective cohort analysis of US Medicare Fee-For-Service claims, 2015\u20132021","volume":"12","author":"Hutfless","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Forbes, N., Coelho-Prabhu, N., Al-Haddad, M.A., Kwon, R.S., Amateau, S.K., Buxbaum, J.L., Calderwood, A.H., Elhanafi, S.E., and Fujii-Lau, L.L. (2022). Adverse events associated with EUS and EUS-guided procedures. Gastrointest. Endosc., 95, 16\u201326.e12.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2021.09.009"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mondorf, A., Amini, C., Graf, C., Michael, F.A., Blumenstein, I., Jung, M., Friedrich-Rust, M., Hack, D., Besier, S.M., and Hogardt, M. (2023). Risk Factors and Role of Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Wound Infections after Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093175"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.666","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and pathogens in percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy site infection in patients with head and neck cancer: A 16-year retrospective study","volume":"6","author":"Oh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2023.13850","article-title":"Complications after endoscopic submucosal dissection for early colorectal cancer (Review)","volume":"25","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncol Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2019.03.004","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection for large gastric stromal tumors","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"13736","article-title":"Risk factors of infection after endoscopic submucosal dissection of esophageal mucosal lesions","volume":"11","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14908","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.14908","article-title":"Best practices in wound care for gastrointestinal stoma and colorectal cancer patients from a nursing perspective: A meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00085-12","article-title":"Transmission of infection by flexible gastrointestinal endoscopy and bronchoscopy","volume":"26","author":"Kovaleva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.01.016","article-title":"Endoscope-associated outbreak of OXA-181-carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and its implications for hygiene management","volume":"158","author":"Haak","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E247","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1991-1391","article-title":"Endoscope reprocessing: Retrospective analysis of 90,311 samples","volume":"11","author":"Pineau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1467-6294","article-title":"Risk evaluation of duodenoscope-associated infections in the Netherlands calls for a heightened awareness of device-related infections: A systematic review","volume":"54","author":"Kwakman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2025.1452","article-title":"The presence of exotoxin genes and biofilm production in carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates","volume":"15","author":"Thabit","year":"2025","journal-title":"Germs"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tgie.2019.150625","article-title":"Endoscope-associated infections: A microbiologist\u2019s perspective on current technologies","volume":"21","author":"Thornhill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tech. Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2004.12.019","article-title":"Does hospital work constitute a risk factor for Helicobacter pylori infection?","volume":"60","author":"Mastromarino","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2017.12.009","article-title":"ASGE guideline for infection control during GI endoscopy","volume":"87","author":"Committee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"185","article-title":"Transmission of an infection from health care workers to patients","volume":"68","author":"Bouvet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Prat."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2009.11.012","article-title":"Health care-associated transmission of hepatitis B and C viruses in endoscopy units","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.08.017","article-title":"Clostridium difficile contamination of health care workers\u2019 hands and its potential contribution to the spread of infection: Review of the literature","volume":"45","author":"Landelle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S1052-5157(18)30554-3","article-title":"Infection and Endoscopy: Patient to Patient Transmission","volume":"3","author":"Cowen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.03.053","article-title":"Multiple clusters of hepatitis virus infections associated with anesthesia for outpatient endoscopy procedures","volume":"139","author":"Gutelius","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1550","DOI":"10.14309\/00000434-201810001-02793","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Endoscope-Associated Bacteremia: A 3-Year Single-Center Review: 2794","volume":"113","author":"Ahuja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Off. J. Am. Coll. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2020.06.009","article-title":"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidance on Flexible Gastrointestinal Endoscopes: Lessons Learned from Outbreaks, Infection Control","volume":"30","author":"Benowitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2024.1420","article-title":"Systematic review on epidemiology of Escherichia coli in bloodstream infection of patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"14","author":"Janani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Germs"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2024.1413","article-title":"Detection of resistance integrons among biofilm and non-biofilm producing clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"14","author":"Sultan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Germs"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2020.05.001","article-title":"Introduction to Transmission of Infection: Potential Agents Transmitted by Endoscopy","volume":"30","author":"Snyder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2024.1447","article-title":"Comparison of microbial preservation methods: A narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Senaratne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Germs"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCafferty, C.E., Aghajani, M.J., Abi-Hanna, D., Gosbell, I.B., and Jensen, S.O. (2018). An update on gastrointestinal endoscopy-associated infections and their contributing factors. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-018-0289-2"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-013-0544-6","article-title":"Klebsiella spp. in endoscopy-associated infections: We may only be seeing the tip of the iceberg","volume":"42","author":"Gastmeier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsh, J.W., Krauland, M.G., Nelson, J.S., Schlackman, J.L., Brooks, A.M., Pasculle, A.W., Shutt, K.A., Doi, Y., Querry, A.M., and Muto, C.A. (2015). Genomic Epidemiology of an Endoscope-Associated Outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase (KPC)-Producing K. pneumoniae. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144310"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2010). An Outbreak of Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Infections Associated with Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) Procedures at a Hospital. Am. J. Infect. Control, 38, e141.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2010.04.191"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix527","article-title":"Duodenoscope-Related Outbreak of a Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Identified Using Advanced Molecular Diagnostics","volume":"65","author":"Humphries","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2012.07.008","article-title":"Early identification and control of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, originating from contaminated endoscopic equipment","volume":"41","author":"Alrabaa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-024-01386-5","article-title":"Uncovering the spread of drug-resistant bacteria through next-generation sequencing based surveillance: Transmission of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales by a contaminated duodenoscope","volume":"13","author":"Cimen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect Control"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw172.1101","article-title":"Successful Control of an Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography\u2013Associated Nosocomial Outbreak Caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a University Hospital in Bogota, Colombia","volume":"3","author":"Valderrama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Forum. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2024.1436","article-title":"Comparative phenotypic and proteomic analysis of colistin-exposed Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"14","author":"Tran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Germs"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2024.1429","article-title":"The emerging role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in diarrhea: Where we stand","volume":"14","author":"Khaledi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Germs"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1391886","article-title":"Withdrawal of a novel-design duodenoscope ends outbreak of a VIM-2-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"47","author":"Verfaillie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2008.04.232","article-title":"Investigation of a Cluster of Genomically Identical Pseudomonas aeruginosa Blood Isolates Following Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in a Gastroenterology Laboratory","volume":"36","author":"Reiner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2012.10.016","article-title":"Gastroscopy-associated transmission of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"83","author":"Bajolet","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2024.1445","article-title":"Isolation of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 and non-O157 from retail imported frozen beef marketed in Saudi Arabia using immunomagnetic separation and multiplex PCR","volume":"14","author":"Almulhim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Germs"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2015.66","article-title":"Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-associated AmpC Escherichia coli outbreak","volume":"36","author":"Wendorf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.12720","article-title":"New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-producing carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli associated with exposure to duodenoscopes","volume":"312","author":"Epstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2024.36","article-title":"Use of whole genomic sequencing to detect New Delhi metallo-B-lactamase (NDM)-producing Escherichia coli outbreak associated with endoscopic procedures","volume":"45","author":"Suleyman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miutescu, B., Vuletici, D., Burciu, C., Bende, F., Ratiu, I., Moga, T., Gadour, E., Bratosin, F., Tummala, D., and Sandru, V. (2023). Comparative Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance in Acute Cholangitis Patients with Stent Placement and Sphincterotomy Interventions. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13112205"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuhl, N., Vollenberg, R., Meier, J.A., Ullerich, H., Schulz, M.S., Rennebaum, F., Laleman, W., Frobose, N.J., Praktiknjo, M., and Peiffer, K. (2024). Risk Factors for Infectious Complications following Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Liver Transplant Patients: A Single-Center Study. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1782818"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00020","DOI":"10.14309\/crj.0000000000000020","article-title":"Enterococcus faecalis Endocarditis After Endoscopic Mucosal Resection of a Large Sessile Colonic Polyp","volume":"6","author":"Wehbeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACG Case Rep. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1067","DOI":"10.14309\/00000434-201810001-01881","article-title":"A Rare Case of Enterococcus Faecalis Endocarditis Following Colonoscopy Requiring Mitral Valve Replacement in a Patient with No Valvular Abnormalities: 1881","volume":"113","author":"Kundumadam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Off. J. Am. Coll. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-018-1315-6","article-title":"The occupational risk of Helicobacter pylori infection: A systematic review","volume":"91","author":"Kheyre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosu, O.-M., Gimiga, N., Stefanescu, G., Ioniuc, I., Tataranu, E., Balan, G.G., Ion, L.-M., Plesca, D.A., Schiopu, C.G., and Diaconescu, S. (2022). The Effectiveness of Different Eradication Schemes for Pediatric Helicobacter pylori Infection\u2014A Single-Center Comparative Study from Romania. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9091391"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1447","DOI":"10.14309\/01.ajg.0000787620.67761.72","article-title":"S3522 Clostridioides difficile Colitis After Colonoscopy From Alterations in Bowel Flora","volume":"116","author":"Fung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Off. J. Am. Coll. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2010.01.010","article-title":"Is gastrointestinal endoscopy a risk factor for Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea?","volume":"38","author":"Selinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S832","DOI":"10.14309\/01.ajg.0000595544.42517.4a","article-title":"1504 Case Report: A Rare Case of Community-Acquired Clostridium difficile Infection After Colonoscopy","volume":"114","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Off. J. Am. Coll. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(84)72398-4","article-title":"Fulminant pseudomembranous colitis occurring after colonoscopy","volume":"30","author":"Patterson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-861316","article-title":"Contamination with hepatitis B virus DNA in gastrointestinal endoscope channels: Risk of infection on reuse after on-site cleaning","volume":"37","author":"Ishino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1086\/666345","article-title":"Results from a large-scale epidemiologic look-back investigation of improperly reprocessed endoscopy equipment","volume":"33","author":"Holodniy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.24.2.171","article-title":"Endoscopic transmission of hepatitis B virus","volume":"24","author":"Birnie","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6104.23","article-title":"Hepatitis B: Absence of transmission by gastrointestinal endoscopy","volume":"1","author":"McClelland","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"189","article-title":"Risk of hepatitis B virus infection following upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: A prospective study in an endemic area","volume":"30","author":"Chiaramonte","year":"1983","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(78)73518-2","article-title":"Inadvertent exposure of endoscopy patients to viral hepatitis B","volume":"24","author":"Moncada","year":"1978","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.04.029","article-title":"Investigation of Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) from 202 Confirmed Viraemic Patients to Gastrointestinal Endoscopes and Evaluation of the Efficacy of Current Cleaning and High-Level Disinfection Procedures","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/160536","article-title":"Public health response to a large-scale endoscopy infection control lapse in a nonhospital clinic","volume":"26","author":"Willmore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-118-2-199301150-00008","article-title":"Transmission of infection by gastrointestinal endoscopy and bronchoscopy","volume":"118","author":"Spach","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1010719","article-title":"Lack of evidence of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy as a risk factor for transmission of hepatitis B virus","volume":"23","author":"Ferrari","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.07.031","article-title":"Hospital admission is a relevant source of hepatitis C virus acquisition in Spain","volume":"48","author":"Forns","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2006.00742.x","article-title":"A case-control study of risk factors for hepatitis C infection in patients with unexplained routes of infection","volume":"13","author":"Karmochkine","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Viral. Hepat."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2007.05.007","article-title":"An incident case-control study of modes of hepatitis C virus transmission in France","volume":"17","author":"Pillonel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1086\/653937","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infections from unsafe injection practices at an endoscopy clinic in Las Vegas, Nevada, 2007\u20132008","volume":"51","author":"Fischer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.07.003","article-title":"Transmission of hepatitis C virus by blood transfusions and other medical procedures: A global review","volume":"45","author":"Prati","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2006.08.035","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus cross-infection during endoscopy: Is it the \u201ctip of the iceberg\u201d or the absence of ice?","volume":"65","author":"Nelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-142-11-200506070-00008","article-title":"Digestive endoscopy is not a major risk factor for transmitting hepatitis C virus","volume":"142","author":"Ciancio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Intern Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2006.07.033","article-title":"Prospective study of cross-infection from upper-GI endoscopy in a hepatitis C-prevalent population","volume":"65","author":"Mikhail","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.03.002","article-title":"Risk of parenterally transmitted hepatitis following exposure to invasive procedures in Italy: SEIEVA surveillance 2000\u20132021","volume":"79","author":"Caminada","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17106","article-title":"Meta-analysis: Risk of hepatitis C virus infection associated with hospital-based invasive procedures","volume":"56","author":"Henriot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-3528(90)90013-7","article-title":"AIDS: Practising safe endoscopy","volume":"4","author":"Hanson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Baillieres. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(91)90015-Z","article-title":"Viral transmission and fibreoptic endoscopy","volume":"18","author":"Hanson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(01)70086-7","article-title":"Transmission of infection by gastrointestional endoscopy: May 2001","volume":"54","author":"Nelson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(21)00380-0","article-title":"Endoscopic procedures in the AIDS patient: Risks, precautions, indications, and obligations","volume":"17","author":"Raufmann","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2005.10.014","article-title":"Gastrointestinal endoscopy decontamination failure and the risk of transmission of blood-borne viruses: A review","volume":"63","author":"Morris","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90323-1","article-title":"Contamination of endoscopes used in AIDS patients","volume":"2","author":"Hanson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"423","article-title":"CDC grand rounds: Preventing unsafe injection practices in the U.S. health-care system","volume":"62","author":"Birkhead","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2023.2199923","article-title":"Human prion disease: Molecular pathogenesis, and possible therapeutic targets and strategies","volume":"27","author":"Baiardi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.091637","article-title":"Prion infectivity in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease rectum","volume":"56","author":"Wadsworth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-18937","article-title":"European Society of Gastrointestinal, E. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) and gastrointestinal endoscopy","volume":"33","author":"Axon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.101964","article-title":"vCJD and the gut: Implications for endoscopy","volume":"56","author":"Head","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2019.08.005","article-title":"Prion disease and recommended procedures for flexible endoscope reprocessing\u2014A review of policies worldwide and proposal for a simplified approach","volume":"104","author":"Kampf","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1086\/501926","article-title":"Pseudo-outbreak of Mycobacterium chelonae and Methylobacterium mesophilicum caused by contamination of an automated endoscopy washer","volume":"22","author":"Kressel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0507.2001.00614.x","article-title":"Transmission of Trichosporon asahii oesophagitis by a contaminated endoscope","volume":"44","author":"Pernice","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-122378","article-title":"A double-reprocessing high-level disinfection protocol does not eliminate positive cultures from the elevators of duodenoscopes","volume":"50","author":"Rex","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"392","article-title":"Iatrogenic Candida infection in pancreatic pseudocyst","volume":"29","author":"Frommeyer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Z. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-016-1474-y","article-title":"An unfortunate case of post-ERCP complications","volume":"12","author":"Fiorini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-4453(91)94151-9","article-title":"Disseminated Candida tropicalis infection following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography","volume":"23","author":"Ito","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4103\/sjg.SJG_536_17","article-title":"Candidemia after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in an immunocompetent patient: A case report and literature review","volume":"24","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(76)73568-5","article-title":"Complications associated with esophagogastroduodenoscopy and with esophageal dilation","volume":"23","author":"Mandelstam","year":"1976","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poamaneagra, S.C., Plesca, D.-A., Tataranu, E., Marginean, O., Nemtoi, A., Mihai, C., Gilca-Blanariu, G.-E., Andronic, C.-M., Anchidin-Norocel, L., and Diaconescu, S. (2024). A Global Perspective on Transition Models for Pediatric to Adult Cystic Fibrosis Care: What Has Been Made So Far?. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13237428"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2014.11.006","article-title":"Transmission of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae during ERCP: Time to revisit the current reprocessing guidelines","volume":"81","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.01.017","article-title":"High-quality endoscope reprocessing decreases endoscope contamination","volume":"24","author":"Decristoforo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-107777","article-title":"Risk of infection following colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy in symptomatic patients","volume":"49","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.51.7485","article-title":"Polymicrobial peritonitis following colonoscopic polypectomy in a peritoneal dialysis patient","volume":"51","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2018.08.012","article-title":"Simethicone is retained in endoscopes despite reprocessing: Impact of its use on working channel fluid retention and adenosine triphosphate bioluminescence values (with video)","volume":"89","author":"Barakat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.05.016","article-title":"Simethicone residue remains inside gastrointestinal endoscopes despite reprocessing","volume":"44","author":"Ofstead","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2018.04.224","article-title":"Use of adenosine triphosphate to audit reprocessing of flexible endoscopes with an elevator mechanism","volume":"46","author":"Quan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2012.03.015","article-title":"The adenosine triphosphate test is a rapid and reliable audit tool to assess manual cleaning adequacy of flexible endoscope channels","volume":"41","author":"Alfa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E68","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2185-6035","article-title":"Assessment of endoscope reprocessing at World Gastroenterology Organisation training centers using adenosine triphosphate testing","volume":"12","author":"Visrodia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.07.038","article-title":"Performance characteristics and optimal cut-off value of triple adenylate nucleotides test versus adenosine triphosphate test as point-of-care testing for predicting inadequacy of duodenoscope reprocessing","volume":"106","author":"Ridtitid","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reuken, P.A., Torres, D., Baier, M., Loffler, B., Lubbert, C., Lippmann, N., Stallmach, A., and Bruns, T. (2017). Risk Factors for Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogens and Failure of Empiric First-Line Therapy in Acute Cholangitis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172373"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2019.09.013","article-title":"Challenges in achieving effective high-level disinfection in endoscope reprocessing","volume":"48","author":"Ofstead","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2020.06.002","article-title":"Methods for Endoscope Reprocessing","volume":"30","author":"Marya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E440","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2066-8191","article-title":"Endoscope reprocessing: How to perform an adequate air drying?","volume":"11","author":"Beilenhoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2018.08.033","article-title":"Comparison of automated and manual drying in the elimination of residual endoscope working channel fluid after reprocessing (with video)","volume":"89","author":"Barakat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2021.09.024","article-title":"GI endoscope reprocessing: A comparative review of organizational guidelines and guide for endoscopy units and regulatory agencies","volume":"95","author":"Taunk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.09.020","article-title":"Alcohol flush does not aid in endoscope channel drying but may serve as an adjunctive microbiocidal measure: A new take on an old assumption","volume":"51","author":"Nerandzic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.02.008","article-title":"How effective are the alcohol flush and drying cycles of automated endoscope reprocessors? Stripped endoscope model","volume":"51","author":"Yassin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1097\/SGA.0000000000000266","article-title":"Standards of Infection Prevention in Reprocessing Flexible Gastrointestinal Endoscopes","volume":"39","author":"Herrin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2023.12.001","article-title":"Recommendations and guidelines for endoscope reprocessing: Current position statement of digestive endoscopic society of Taiwan","volume":"57","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2015.48.5.364","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines for Endoscope Reprocessing","volume":"48","author":"Oh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tgie.2011.08.001","article-title":"Ambulatory endoscopy centers: Infection-related issues","volume":"13","author":"Greenwald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tech. Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"1238","article-title":"Chemical disinfection","volume":"58","author":"Spaulding","year":"1958","journal-title":"Am. J. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2011.05.002","article-title":"Disinfection: Is it time to reconsider Spaulding?","volume":"78","author":"McDonnell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162976","article-title":"A review of Spaulding\u2019s classification system for effective cleaning, disinfection and sterilization of reusable medical devices: Viewed through a modern-day lens that will inform and enable future sustainability","volume":"878","author":"Rowan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E214","DOI":"10.1097\/SGA.0000000000000499","article-title":"Review of Duodenoscope Infection Prevention Practices at the Medical University of South Carolina","volume":"43","author":"Ellison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2022.09.024","article-title":"Microbiological surveillance post-reprocessing of flexible endoscopes used in digestive endoscopy: A national study","volume":"131","author":"Casini","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2015.48.5.369","article-title":"Recent Update on Microbiological Monitoring of Gastrointestinal Endoscopes after High-Level Disinfection","volume":"48","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohsin, M.S., Avdic, M., Fitzpatrick, K., and Lanzarini-Lopes, M. (2024). UV-C side-emitting optical fiber-based disinfection: A promising approach for infection control in tight channels. Microbiol. Spectr., 12.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00040-24"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1075-4080","article-title":"ERCP-related adverse events: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline","volume":"52","author":"Dumonceau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-012-0208-y","article-title":"The effect of adding gentamicin to contrast media for prevention of cholangitis after biliary stenting for non-calculous biliary obstruction, a randomized controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Norouzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wobser, H., Gunesch, A., and Klebl, F. (2017). Prophylaxis of post-ERC infectious complications in patients with biliary obstruction by adding antimicrobial agents into ERC contrast media- a single center retrospective study. BMC Gastroenterol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-017-0570-4"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1939-4887","article-title":"Endoscopic diagnosis and management of esophagogastric variceal hemorrhage: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline","volume":"54","author":"Gralnek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2014.08.008","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis for GI endoscopy","volume":"81","author":"Khashab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2524-2596","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue sampling: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Technical and Technology Review","volume":"57","author":"Facciorusso","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3948","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad193","article-title":"2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of endocarditis: Developed by the task force on the management of endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM)","volume":"44","author":"Delgado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2024.1427","article-title":"Infective endocarditis by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria\u2014A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Pitsikakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Germs"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.136580","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis in gastrointestinal endoscopy","volume":"58","author":"Allison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"318","article-title":"Guidelines of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (E.S.G.E.) antibiotic prophylaxis for gastrointestinal endoscopy. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy","volume":"30","author":"Rey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asge Ensuring Safety in the Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit Task Force, Calderwood, A.H., Chapman, F.J., Cohen, J., Cohen, L.B., Collins, J., Day, L.W., and Early, D.S. (2014). Guidelines for safety in the gastrointestinal endoscopy unit. Gastrointest. Endosc., 79, 363\u2013372.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2013.12.015"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1377561","article-title":"Sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy","volume":"46","author":"Igea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2010.07.001","article-title":"Reducing infection risk in colonoscopy","volume":"20","author":"Greenwald","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_153","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2008). Acute hepatitis C virus infections attributed to unsafe injection practices at an endoscopy clinic\u2014Nevada, 2007. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 57, 513\u2013517."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-017-0290-0","article-title":"Post-ERCP infection and its epidemiological and clinical characteristics in a large Chinese tertiary hospital: A 4-year surveillance study","volume":"6","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mizuide, M., Ryozawa, S., Fujita, A., Ogawa, T., Katsuda, H., Suzuki, M., Noguchi, T., and Tanisaka, Y. (2020). Complications of Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration: A Narrative Review. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10110964"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2478\/jccm-2019-0008","article-title":"Sepsis in Acute Mediastinitis\u2014A Severe Complication after Oesophageal Perforations. A Review of the Literature","volume":"5","author":"Muresan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.512","article-title":"Tokyo Guidelines 2018: Diagnostic criteria and severity grading of acute cholangitis (with videos)","volume":"25","author":"Kiriyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hbpd.2018.01.002","article-title":"Risk factor analysis of post-ERCP cholangitis: A single-center experience","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyatani, H., Mashima, H., Sekine, M., and Matsumoto, S. (2018). Post-ERCP biliary complications in patients with biliary type sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28309-w"},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"544","article-title":"Risk factors for post-ERCP complications","volume":"125","author":"Roskovicova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bratisl. Lek. Listy"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dr\u0103g\u0103nescu, A.C., Miron, V.D., S\u0103ndulescu, O., Bila\u015fco, A., Streinu-Cercel, A., Sandu, R.G., Marinescu, A., Gun\u0219ahin, D., Hoffmann, K.I., and Horobe\u021b, D.\u0218. (2023). Omicron in Infants\u2014Respiratory or Digestive Disease?. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13030421"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05970-3","article-title":"Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography-Related Complications and Their Management Strategies: A \u201cScoping\u201d Literature Review","volume":"65","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"7","article-title":"Risk factors for ERCP-related complications and what is the specific role of ASGE grading system","volume":"28","author":"Shavakhi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pih, G.Y., Na, H.K., Ahn, J.Y., Jung, K.W., Kim, D.H., Lee, J.H., Choi, K.D., Song, H.J., Lee, G.H., and Jung, H.Y. (2018). Risk factors for complications and mortality of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy insertion. BMC Gastroenterol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-018-0825-8"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jing, W., Qinghua, L., and Zhiwen, Y. (2022). Postpolypectomy fever in patients with serious infection: A report of two cases. BMC Gastroenterol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02218-9"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v9.i1.1","article-title":"Acute cholangitis\u2014An update","volume":"9","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Pathophysiol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2023.013","article-title":"Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-related complications: Risk stratification, prevention, and management","volume":"56","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.204","article-title":"Investigating the failure of repeated standard cleaning and disinfection of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected pancreatic and biliary endoscope","volume":"43","author":"Qiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.07.005","article-title":"Mediastinitis in the intensive care unit patient: A narrative review","volume":"26","author":"Pastene","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"rjac369","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/rjac369","article-title":"Post-polypectomy syndrome-a rare complication in colonoscopy procedures: A case report","volume":"2022","author":"Romo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_171","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2025, May 17). Infections Associated with Reprocessed Duodenoscopes, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/reprocessing-reusable-medical-devices\/infections-associated-reprocessed-duodenoscopes."},{"key":"ref_172","first-page":"93","article-title":"Post-ERCP complications, risk factors and management of complications","volume":"28","author":"Arslan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laparosc. Endosc. Surg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640620915016","article-title":"Antimicrobial therapy of 3 days or less is sufficient after successful ERCP for acute cholangitis","volume":"8","author":"Haal","year":"2020","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_174","first-page":"224","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment durations for pyogenic liver abscesses: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Curran","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Med. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. Can."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masuda, S., Koizumi, K., Makazu, M., Uojima, H., Kubota, J., Kimura, K., Nishino, T., Sumida, C., Ichita, C., and Sasaki, A. (2022). Antibiotic Administration within Two Days after Successful Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Is Sufficient for Mild and Moderate Acute Cholangitis. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11102697"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl19248","article-title":"Impact of the Sensitivity to Empiric Antibiotics on Clinical Outcomes after Biliary Drainage for Acute Cholangitis","volume":"14","author":"Kawamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarciuc, P., Plesca, D.A., Duduciuc, A., Gimiga, N., Tataranu, E., Herdea, V., Ion, L.M., and Diaconescu, S. (2022). Self-Medication Patterns during a Pandemic: A Qualitative Study on Romanian Mothers\u2019 Beliefs toward Self-Treatment of Their Children. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10091602"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101897","article-title":"Management of ERCP complications","volume":"69","author":"Pal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3114","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-015-4557-3","article-title":"Risk factors for infection after endoscopic ultrasonography-guided drainage of specific types of pancreatic and peripancreatic fluid collections (with video)","volume":"30","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05655-x","article-title":"Antibiotics Do Not Decrease the Rate of Infection After Endoscopic Ultrasound Fine-Needle Aspiration of Pancreatic Cysts","volume":"64","author":"Facciorusso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000975","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2022-000975","article-title":"Prevention and management of minor complications in percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy","volume":"9","author":"Boeykens","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open Gastroenterol."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/9\/2128\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:43:52Z","timestamp":1760035432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/9\/2128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"references-count":181,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms13092128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms13092128","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]}}}