{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T16:42:02Z","timestamp":1781800922917,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFD1300403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1300403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFD1300403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1300403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In cold-temperature regions, particularly on family farms, threats to livestock health constrain the potential of livestock husbandry. This study aimed to explore the effects of different dietary energy levels, adjusted by oil addition, on gut microbiota and metabolic homeostasis at cold temperatures. Twenty-four healthy pigs were randomly divided into two groups and fed a basal diet (BD) or a basal diet supplemented with oil (OD, with net energy increased by 100 kcal\/kg) for 103 days. The cold temperature and humidity were maintained at 14 \u00b1 2 \u00b0C and 65 \u00b1 10%, respectively. On day 103 of the experiment, six pigs per group (three barrows and three females) were slaughtered after an overnight fast for sample collection: colon, colonic contents, plasma, and liver. The results showed that dietary oil addition remodeled the gut microbiota, forming a healthier microbial community characterized by a higher abundance of Paludibacter, Parabacteroides, Peptococcaceae, and UCG-008 and a lower abundance of Actinomyces, Turicibacter, Staphylococcus, Megamonas, Fusobacterium, and Achromobacter (p &lt; 0.05). Consistently, dietary oil addition resulted in higher levels of short-chain fatty acids (isobutyrate and isovalerate) and the Claudin-1 protein in the colon (p &lt; 0.05). Plasma analysis showed that dietary oil addition increased energy metabolism and decreased inflammation. This change was characterized by higher levels of glucocorticoid, citrate, corticosterone, taurodeoxycholic acid, and ascorbic acid and lower levels of IL-6 and hypoxanthine (p &lt; 0.05). Transcriptomic and protein expression results in the liver further indicated that dietary oil addition alleviated energy stress and apoptosis by modulating metabolic states at cold temperatures. In conclusion, dietary oil addition improved gut health at cold temperatures in growing\u2013finishing pigs, which was inextricably linked to the remodeling of the gut microbiota and metabolic states.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13092160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T14:31:41Z","timestamp":1758033101000},"page":"2160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of Diets with Different Energy Levels at Cold Temperatures on Gut Microbiota and Metabolic State in Growing\u2013Finishing Pigs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5820-1633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangdong","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teng","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8560-4564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baoming","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144568","article-title":"Effect of temperature stress on gut-brain axis in mice: Regulation of intestinal microbiome and central NLRP3 inflammasomes","volume":"772","author":"Yi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. 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