{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T08:47:17Z","timestamp":1770972437734,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gilead Sciences, Inc.","award":["CO-GR-540-6245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CO-GR-540-6245"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has impacted global health. Remdesivir was approved based on clinical trials demonstrating improved outcomes in hospitalized patients. The ReEs-COVID19 study provides real-world evidence on its effectiveness and safety across two periods: Pre-Omicron and Omicron. This retrospective, observational cohort study included 1610 patients hospitalized with COVID-19, treated with remdesivir during Pre-Omicron (September 2020\u2013February 2021; n = 606) and Omicron (June 2022\u2013March 2023; n = 1004) periods. Primary endpoint: time to discharge; Hepatic\/renal function abnormalities were also investigated. In the Omicron period patients were older and had more comorbidities but remdesivir was initiated earlier (median: 2 days from symptom onset) compared to the Pre-Omicron period (8 days). ICU admissions rates and direct COVID-19-related deaths were significantly lower, but overall 30-day mortality was higher during the Omicron period. Earlier remdesivir administration was associated with faster discharge. Abnormal liver tests and acute kidney injury were rare across both periods. ReEs-COVID19 confirmed remdesivir\u2019s effectiveness and safety in real-world clinical settings during both periods, underscoring its importance in treatment of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, especially when initiated earlier in the disease course. Further research is needed to evaluate its utility in specific subgroups (e.g., immuno-compromised) and in combination with other treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13102242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T07:46:49Z","timestamp":1758786409000},"page":"2242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Remdesivir: Effectiveness and Safety in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients\u2014Analysis of Retrospectively Collected Data from Daily Practice in the Omicron Variant Era and Comparison with the Pre-Omicron Period"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4196-5066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikos","family":"Pantazis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0492-2550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evmorfia","family":"Pechlivanidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8322-635X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vassiliki","family":"Rapti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Athens Hospital for Diseases of the Chest \u201cSotiria\u201d, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitra","family":"Kavatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University General Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3958-2266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haralampos","family":"Milionis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Kalomenidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Service, Evangelismos General Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10676 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4289-9494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Akinosoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital of Patras, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Periklis","family":"Panagopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Symeon","family":"Metallidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University General Hospital, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0255-5926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diamantis","family":"Kofteridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital of Herakleion, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Crete, 71110 Herakleion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6955-3453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos V.","family":"Sipsas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and COVID-19 Unit, Laiko General Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Katsarolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Affairs, Gilead Sciences Hellas and Cyprus, 17564 Paleo Faliro, 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of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2665-6003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theofani","family":"Rimpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Service, Evangelismos General Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10676 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markos","family":"Marangos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital of Patras, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasileios","family":"Petrakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 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