{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T07:34:08Z","timestamp":1793691248986,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":245,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Municipal School-Enterprise Joint Funding Project","award":["2024A03J0140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A03J0140"]}]},{"name":"Cultivation of stomatological top-notch innovative personnel","award":["2023ZLGC133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZLGC133"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Medical University scientific research capacity enhancement program","award":["2024SRP155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024SRP155"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00zat6v61","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Plan on Enhancing Scientific Research Grant in Guangzhou Medical University","award":["GMUCR2024-02023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GMUCR2024-02023"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00zat6v61","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2021A0505030079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A0505030079"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Higher Education Teaching and Reform Project","award":["2024YBJG033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YBJG033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bone health is critically influenced by the oral and gut microbiota, which are among the largest microbial reservoirs in the human body. These microbiota play essential roles in maintaining bone mass through immune modulation, metabolite production, and nutrient resorption. Recent observations have underscored that extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from oral and gut microbiota may circulate to the brain and bone marrow, suggesting their integral roles in the gut\u2013brain\u2013bone axis and oral\u2013brain\u2013bone axis. This review outlines the current research status of bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs), including their biogenesis, classification, structural features, and cargo composition, with emphasis on factors influencing cargo heterogeneity and the consequences of cellular uptake and presentation. Oral-microbiota-derived BEVs and their cargo associated with bone health are highlighted, along with recent evidence linking BEVs to systemic dis-eases and the potential integration into the oral\u2013gut\u2013bone axis. Preclinical animal studies on BEV dosage, routes of administration, and disease models are summarized, together with the limitations of current approaches and strategies for engineering BEVs. Finally, an overview of translational applications and future therapeutic prospects is provided, aiming to advance the understanding of BEVs as innovative tools for the treatment and prevention of bone-related diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13102254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T06:02:52Z","timestamp":1758866572000},"page":"2254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Role of Oral and Gut Microbiota in Bone Health: Insights from Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ping","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China"},{"name":"Department of Basic Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China"},{"name":"Department of Stomatology, Chaozhou Central Hospital, Chaozhou 521021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhikang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3728-6969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunlin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lvhua","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7170-7961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China"},{"name":"Department of Basic Oral Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"E791","article-title":"Biogeography of a human oral microbiome at the micron scale","volume":"113","author":"Rossetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. 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