{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:28:05Z","timestamp":1792092485721,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"City of Niagara Falls"},{"name":"You First Group of Companies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Airborne transmission of bacteria, viruses, and fungal spores poses a major threat in enclosed settings, particularly nursing homes where residents are highly vulnerable. Compressive Heating Air Sterilization Technology (CHAST) applies compressive heating to inactivate microorganisms without reliance on filtration or chemicals. Methods: CHAST efficacy was evaluated in laboratory and deployed for a feasibility and performance validation study of air sterilization in a nursing home environment. Laboratory studies tested prototypes (300\u20135000 CFM; 220\u2013247 \u00b0C) against aerosolized surrogates including Bacillus globigii (Bg), B. stearothermophilus (Bst), B. thuringiensis (Bt), Escherichia coli, and MS2 bacteriophage. Viral inactivation thresholds were further assessed by exposing MS2 to progressively lower treatment temperatures (64.5\u2013143 \u00b0C). Feasibility and performance validation evaluation involved continuous operation of two CHAST units in a nursing home, with pre- and post-treatment air samples analyzed for bacterial and fungal burden. Results: Laboratory testing demonstrated consistent microbial inactivation, with most prototypes achieving &gt; 6-log (99.9999%) reductions across bacterial spores, vegetative bacteria, and viruses. A 5000 CFM prototype achieved &gt; 7-log (99.99999%) elimination of B. globigii. MS2 was completely inactivated at 240 \u00b0C, with modeling suggesting a threshold for total viral elimination near 170 \u00b0C. In the feasibility study, baseline sampling revealed bacterial (35 CFU\/m3) and fungal (17 CFU\/m3) contamination, dominated by Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Cladosporium, and Penicillium. After 72 h of CHAST operation, discharge air contained no detectable viable organisms, and fungal spore counts showed a 93% reduction relative to baseline return air. Units maintained stable operation (464 \u00b0F \u00b1 2 \u00b0F; 329\u2013335 CFM) throughout deployment. Conclusion: CHAST reproducibly and scalably inactivated airborne bacteria, viruses, and fungi under laboratory and feasibility field studies, supporting its potential as a chemical-free strategy to improve infection control and indoor air quality in healthcare facilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13102299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T15:26:54Z","timestamp":1759505214000},"page":"2299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Elimination of Airborne Microorganisms Using Compressive Heating Air Sterilization Technology (CHAST): Laboratory and Nursing Home Setting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Pritha","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Yale New Haven Health, New Haven, CT 06610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5298-6962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Supriya","family":"Mahajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Clinical and Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gene D.","family":"Morse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrated Global Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolanda L.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Work, Niagara University, Niagara Falls, NY 14109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satish","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Clinical and Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"},{"name":"You First Services, Inc., 485 Cayuga Rd., Buffalo, NY 14225, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8664-1380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanley A.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Clinical and Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0883-4061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravikumar","family":"Aalinkeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Clinical and Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Clinical and Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"},{"name":"You First Services, Inc., 485 Cayuga Rd., Buffalo, NY 14225, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2011). 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