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In addition to its direct impact on the central nervous system, SCI exerts systemic effects, including disruption of gut homeostasis and alterations in the gut microbiota, which can contribute to sustained inflammation and hinder functional recovery. While antibiotic administration during the acute phase of SCI is clinically indicated, it may exacerbate microbial dysbiosis. In this study, we investigate the combined effects of SCI and cefazolin treatment on the gut microbiome of female rats. Animals were assigned to three groups: NA\u00cfVE (no intervention), SHAM (cefazolin only), and INJURY (T10 spinal cord contusion plus cefazolin). Cefazolin was administered for seven days after the injury, fecal samples were collected at baseline (day 0), and on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 post-SCI. DNA was extracted and subjected to 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, followed by bioinformatic analysis. Our findings revealed significant microbial dysbiosis in the INJURY group, including reduced alpha diversity and distinct shifts in microbial composition. These changes were most prominent during the acute phase post-SCI. Our findings highlight the compounding effects of spinal trauma and antibiotic exposure on the gut microbiome and suggest that maintaining microbial stability may represent a promising avenue to support recovery after SCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13102324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T15:48:30Z","timestamp":1759852110000},"page":"2324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Effect of Cefazolin on the Gut Microbiome of Female Rats After Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7939-6812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis H.","family":"Pag\u00e1n-Rivera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1880-0498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Godoy-Vitorino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1538-7557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie M.","family":"Mel\u00e9ndez-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6580-0242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel E.","family":"Ocasio-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda E.","family":"Santiago-Gascot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0615-5033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose M.","family":"Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Carolina Campus, Carolina, PR 00984, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4377-478X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris","family":"Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osmarie","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"C\u00e1ceres-Chac\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aranza","family":"Torrado-Tapias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge D.","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imu.2019.100245","article-title":"Neurological conditions associated with spinal cord injury","volume":"16","author":"Amanat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inform. 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