{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T05:10:03Z","timestamp":1760245803480,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024786","name":"Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006507","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006507","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is increasing evidence on the occurrence of Crithidia spp. in patients presenting either cutaneous or visceral leishmaniasis, solely or associated with Leishmania. We analyzed growth, morphology, and temperature tolerance of two C. fasciculata strains, the reference strain COLPROT048 and patient isolate COLPROT606. We also evaluated their co-cultivation with L. braziliensis, macrophage infectivity, and infections in hamsters, BALB\/c mice, and sandflies. In culture, both Crithidia strains survived at 32 \u00b0C for 96 h, showing major morphological alterations and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, with \u0394\u03a8m reducing to 52% in COLPROT606. At 34 \u00b0C, the patient isolate showed an 80% reduction in cell number. Mixed cultivation of Crithidia-Leishmania led to recovery of only Crithidia. In macrophages, C. fasciculata alone was virtually eliminated, and in co-infection only Leishmania was detected. No Crithidia lesion or RNA were found in infected mice or hamsters, while L. braziliensis reached 1145\u20131625 parasites\/mg of tissue. In sandflies, C. fasciculata successfully established infection for up to 7 days, both alone and in coinfections. Amphotericin B IC50 values at 72 h were 4- to 5-fold higher in C. fasciculata strains compared to L. braziliensis. Our results indicate that both C. fasciculata strains are unable to reproduce the pathogenic effect in vitro and in vivo models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13102335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T12:32:47Z","timestamp":1760099567000},"page":"2335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Crithidia fasciculata Shows Non-Pathogenic Behavior in Leishmania Co-Infection Related to Temperature Stress, In Vitro and In Vivo Infections, and Amphotericin B Susceptibility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9861-8113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia Fernandes Barbosa dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Doen\u00e7as Parasit\u00e1rias, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, CEP 21040-900, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica de Tripanosomat\u00eddeos, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, CEP 21040-900, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina Boucinha","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozo\u00e1rios, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, CEP 21040-900, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valter Viana","family":"Andrade-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica de Tripanosomat\u00eddeos, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, CEP 21040-900, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thais","family":"Lemos-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Molecular de Parasitos e Vetores, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, CEP 21040-900, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosiane Freire","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunofarmacologia Parasit\u00e1ria, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu, 444, CEP 20550-170, Maracan\u00e3, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1600-1238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia Amaral","family":"Gon\u00e7alves da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunofarmacologia Parasit\u00e1ria, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu, 444, CEP 20550-170, Maracan\u00e3, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9676-3381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yara Maria","family":"Traub-Csek\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Molecular de Parasitos e Vetores, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, CEP 21040-900, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1352-0641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rubem Figueiredo Sadok","family":"Menna-Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Celular, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, CEP 21040-900, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2240-4519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo Caio","family":"Torres-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica de Tripanosomat\u00eddeos, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, CEP 21040-900, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia Masini","family":"d\u2019Avila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Doen\u00e7as Parasit\u00e1rias, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, CEP 21040-900, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6122-1956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Ennes-Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Doen\u00e7as Parasit\u00e1rias, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, CEP 21040-900, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica de Tripanosomat\u00eddeos, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, CEP 21040-900, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: A Neglected Tropical Disease","volume":"4","author":"Hamida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. 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