{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:56:35Z","timestamp":1787028995626,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["470451\/2011-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["470451\/2011-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["405745\/2015-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["405745\/2015-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APQ-26-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ-26-11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the protective effect of fermented milk by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus D1 in a murine model of Typhoid fever, focusing on cytokines, antimicrobial peptides and microbiota modulation. BALB\/c mice were pre-treated with milk fermented by L. rhamnosus D1 prior to Salmonella Typhimurium challenge. Outcomes assessed included survival, weight change, bacterial translocation, mRNA expression of cytokines and antimicrobial peptides, in addition to gut microbiota modulation. Mice receiving fermented milk exhibited higher survival rates, reduced bacterial translocation and attenuated weight loss compared to controls. mRNA expression analyses revealed that L. rhamnosus D1 pre-treatment suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-\u03b3, IL-6 and IL-12) and upregulated anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-5, IL-10 and TGF-\u03b2), as well as antimicrobial peptides (Reg3\u03b2, Reg3\u03b3 and Lcn2). Furthermore, we observed that the consumption of fermented milk changed the gut microbiota of infected mice, not only by modulating the existing taxa, but also by facilitating the emergence of unique, potentially beneficial microbial lineages, such as Muribaculum, Roseburia, Intestinimonas, Bdellovibrio and Facklamia. These findings indicate that L. rhamnosus D1 protected mice against S. Typhimurium infection through immunomodulatory and microbiota-mediated mechanisms, changing mucosal immunity and strengthening the intestinal barrier by modulating gut microbiota and immune responses, in addition to promoting host antimicrobial defenses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13102348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T05:48:21Z","timestamp":1760420901000},"page":"2348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus D1 Fermented Milk Confers Protection Against Typhoid Fever Through Immunomodulation and Gut Microbiota Regulation in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2981-5479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Acurcio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Ant\u00f4nio Carlos, n\u00b0 6627, Bairro Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro Universit\u00e1rio de Formiga (UNIFOR-MG), Rua Dr. Arnaldo Sena, n\u00b0 328, Bairro \u00c1gua Vermelha, Formiga 35570-000, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6157-8197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e1vio","family":"Sandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Ecologia e Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Ant\u00f4nio Carlos, n\u00b0 6627, Bairro Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias de Alimentos e Nutri\u00e7\u00e3o, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, n\u00b0 80, Bairro Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Ecologia e Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Ant\u00f4nio Carlos, n\u00b0 6627, Bairro Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"},{"name":"Campus S\u00e3o Gabriel da Cachoeira, Instituto Federal do Amazonas (IFAM), BR 307, Km 03, s\/n\u00b0, Bairro Cachoeirinha, S\u00e3o Gabriel da Cachoeira 69750-000, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Sant\u2019Anna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspe\u00e7\u00e3o de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Ant\u00f4nio Carlos, n\u00b0 6627, Bairro Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"},{"name":"College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Vermont (UVM), 570, Main Street, Burlington, VT 05405, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Pedroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Ant\u00f4nio Carlos, n\u00b0 6627, Bairro Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Antibi\u00f3ticos, Centro de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, n\u00b0 1235, Bairro Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Ant\u00f4nio Carlos, n\u00b0 6627, Bairro Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, n\u00b0 3000, Bairro Lagoa Nova, Natal 59064-741, RN, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7071-7304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspe\u00e7\u00e3o de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Ant\u00f4nio Carlos, n\u00b0 6627, Bairro Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2390-2608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques","family":"Nicoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Ant\u00f4nio Carlos, n\u00b0 6627, Bairro Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/ecosalplus.8.8.5","article-title":"Cytokines in Salmonellosis","volume":"1","author":"Mastroeni","year":"2004","journal-title":"EcoSal Plus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.62310\/liab.v5i2.202","article-title":"Role of Probiotics in the Control of Salmonella Infections in Animals and Humans","volume":"5","author":"Fayyaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lett. 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