{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T23:00:27Z","timestamp":1790031627120,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretaria de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado -Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","award":["20250196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20250196"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a result of anthropogenic activities, contaminants such as heavy metals have been introduced into the environment. Microorganisms, including Candida spp., have emerged as a viable alternative for their removal; however, the mechanism responsible for the removal process has not been fully characterized. This study aims to identify the secretome of Candida strains (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis) contributing to their ability to withstand heavy metals. For this purpose, Candida spp. cultures were incubated at 28 \u00b0C under agitation for 72 h and exposed to different concentrations of Cd2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+. The cultures were then analyzed using GC-MS. In Candida spp. cultures exposed to heavy metals, 117 different compounds were identified compared with the control cultures. Among all Candida spp., 15 metabolites showed a fold change greater than two compared to the control conditions. These included hydrocarbons (3), fatty acids (5), aromatic compounds (5), a nonaromatic compound (1) and an organosiloxane (1), which were identified in the presence of heavy metals (Cd, Cu and Zn).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13102394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T09:23:34Z","timestamp":1760952214000},"page":"2394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Characterization of Metabolomic Response of Candida spp. to Heavy Metal Exposure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Perla Nayeli","family":"Reyes-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingenier\u00eda Campus Zacatecas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Zacatecas 98160, Zacatecas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas Alfonso","family":"Chairez-\u00c1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingenier\u00eda Campus Zacatecas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Zacatecas 98160, Zacatecas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1062-8582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol Karla","family":"Garc\u00eda-Aguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingenier\u00eda Campus Zacatecas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Zacatecas 98160, Zacatecas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7111-1854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Esparza-Cordero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingenier\u00eda Campus Zacatecas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Zacatecas 98160, Zacatecas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3262-4825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Fernanda","family":"Romo-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Zacatecas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8126-2410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan C.","family":"Medina-Llamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios Cient\u00edficos y Tecnol\u00f3gicos 18, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Zacatecas 98160, Zacatecas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5598-628X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Ernesto","family":"L\u00f3pez-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingenier\u00eda Campus Zacatecas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Zacatecas 98160, Zacatecas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-8340-4_6","article-title":"Heavy metal toxicity and the environment","volume":"Volume 101","author":"Tchounwou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136063","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/136063","article-title":"Mitochondrial electron transport chain in heavy metal-induced neurotoxicity: Effects of cadmium, mercury, and copper","volume":"2012","author":"Belyaeva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. 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