{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T05:20:26Z","timestamp":1761628826784,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adjuvants in vaccine candidates against Chagas disease (ChD) have been tested with the aim of improving efficacy against this disease. Trypanosoma cruzi total protein extract (TcTPE) combined with Mycobacterium bovis BCG Pasteur strain ATCC 35734 or its isogenic derivative mutant BCG\u0394BCG1419c\u2014in which the BCG1419c gene was deleted\u2014were used as a vaccine formulation in BALB\/c mice. After immunization and T. cruzi challenge, parasitological and clinical parameters of acute stage were recorded. Antibody titers, cytokine concentrations, macroscopic abnormalities, and histological analysis of experimental ChD were determined. The vaccine formulation with the combination of TcTPE and BCG\u0394BCG1419c, used as the adjuvant, reduced parasitemia by 50%, promoted a survival rate of 80%, improved the clinical status, favored greater body weight gain, induced high titers of specific anti-T. cruzi IgG antibodies and some cytokines, leading to a balanced Th1\/Th2 immunological profile as well as a lower degree of inflammation and tissue damage (50% reduction). A good protective effect in the acute stage of experimental ChD was observed by favorably modulating the immune response and reducing heart and muscle damage, therefore, highlighting that the combination tested here for the control of ChD provides a promising basis that warrants further investigation to validate a future potential translation to humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13112447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T02:50:48Z","timestamp":1761533448000},"page":"2447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG\u2206BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1\/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB\/c Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5813-9572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Morales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Molecular y Prot\u00e9omica, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minerva","family":"Arce-Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Molecular y Prot\u00e9omica, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dulce","family":"Mata-Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Patolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Aranda-Fraustro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5207-2909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Rosales-Encina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Departamento de Infect\u00f3mica y Patog\u00e9nesis Molecular, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4125-1370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario Alberto","family":"Flores-Valdez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotecnolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica y Farmac\u00e9utica, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Asistencia en Tecnolog\u00eda y Dise\u00f1o del Estado de Jalisco, A. 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