{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T12:33:35Z","timestamp":1769258015787,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APVV-23-0488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-23-0488"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006108","name":"Cultural and Educational Grant Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Scientific Grant Agency (VEGA) of the Ministry of Education, Research, Development, and Youth of the Slovak Republic","award":["KEGA 018UVLF-4\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KEGA 018UVLF-4\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Grant Agency (VEGA) of the Ministry of Education, Research, Development, and Youth of the Slovak Republic","award":["KEGA 009UVLF-4\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KEGA 009UVLF-4\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Grant Agency (VEGA) of the Ministry of Education, Research, Development, and Youth of the Slovak Republic","award":["VEGA 1\/0446\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0446\/22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen known for its versatility and ability to cause a wide range of infections. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify S. aureus from skin lesions from human patients, to determine antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation potential at phenotypic and genotypic levels, as well as to verify the activity of efflux pump production. Out of 51 samples collected from skin lesions of various etiologies, 13 isolates were identified as S. aureus. All isolates showed the ability to form biofilms, which correlated with the presence of the icaABCD, agrA, srtA, clfAB, and fnbAB genes, while the bap gene was absent. The highest rates of resistance were observed for ampicillin (69.2%) and gentamicin (46.2%), as well as for erythromycin and clindamycin (38.5%). The mecA gene was present in two isolates, but phenotypic resistance to methicillin was confirmed in only one of them, suggesting possible heterogeneous expression or regulated activity of resistance mechanisms. The mecC gene was not present in any isolate. Efflux pump production was observed in only three isolates, showing weak to intermediate levels. These findings indicate the high biofilm potential and variable antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus clinical isolates, which pose a challenge for the treatment of emerging skin infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13112449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T02:50:48Z","timestamp":1761533448000},"page":"2449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characterization and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Biofilm Forming Strains of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Skin Lesions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nikola","family":"Dan\u010dov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Veterinary Medicine and Animal Welfare, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Ko\u0161ice, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00e1n","family":"Kir\u00e1ly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Ko\u0161ice, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanda","family":"Hajdu\u010dkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Ko\u0161ice, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Hudecov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Ko\u0161ice, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Hisirov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Ko\u0161ice, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1ria","family":"Nagyov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef \u0160af\u00e1rik University in Ko\u0161ice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zuzana","family":"Fed\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatovenerology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef \u0160af\u00e1rik University in Ko\u0161ice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emil","family":"Pilip\u010dinec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Ko\u0161ice, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5336-2193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Gregov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Veterinary Medicine and Animal Welfare, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Ko\u0161ice, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, M.U., Khalid, M., Alshanbari, H., Zafar, A., and Lee, S.W. 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