{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T23:59:49Z","timestamp":1783036789723,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) represent a heterogeneous group of environmental opportunistic pathogens that have emerged particularly in immunocompromised individuals and patients with underlying pulmonary disorders. NTM infections primarily affect the lungs, but can also manifest as lymphadenitis, skin and soft tissue infections, and disseminated disease. This retrospective study took into consideration 425 NTM-positive samples collected between May 2011 and December 2023, analyzed by sample type, sex, and age group (0\u201317, 18\u201349, 50\u201365, &gt;65 years). Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis was performed on the 223 NTM strains with greater pathogenic power and most frequently isolated, from 2016 to 2023. Pulmonary NTM disease (NTM-PD) infections were most prevalent in patients over 65 years (52.1%), while extrapulmonary NTM disease (NTM-EPD) occurred most frequently in the 0\u201317 age group (56.4%). Women were slightly more affected (54.4%) than men (45.6%), with the highest incidence in female individuals over 65 years old. The most frequently isolated NTM species was the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) (47% of isolates). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 223 isolates from 2016 to 2023 revealed species-specific resistance patterns, with high susceptibility to clarithromycin in MAC (94.7%) and Mycobacterium chelonae (100%), but notable resistance in Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABC). The increasing incidence of NTM infections underscores the need for improved diagnostic techniques and targeted treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13112547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T10:56:45Z","timestamp":1762513005000},"page":"2547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epidemiology and Drug Susceptibility of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in the Province of Pavia (Northern Italy): An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4893-9132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariangela","family":"Siciliano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Hematology 3\u2014Cell Factory and Center for Advanced Cellular Therapies, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0822-4909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Amisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Specialization School of Microbiology and Virology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7608-8091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Bagnarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0784-4027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Grassia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Specialization School of Microbiology and Virology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Cambieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fausto","family":"Baldanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic, and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzina","family":"Monzillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic, and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2627-7297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Barbarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2911(09)05502-7","article-title":"Physiology of Mycobacteria","volume":"55","author":"Cook","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. 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