{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:23:56Z","timestamp":1790738636644,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SECIHTI","award":["959051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["959051"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The nucleoid-associated protein Fis functions as a global regulator that influences various cellular processes in Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, we examined the role of Fis in the transcriptional regulation of type 3 fimbriae in Klebsiella pneumoniae, a notable opportunistic pathogen associated with hospital-acquired infections. Our transcriptional analyses revealed that deleting the fis gene caused a significant upregulation of mrkA and mrkH, the genes responsible for the structure and regulation of type 3 fimbriae, respectively. Additionally, phenotypic assays demonstrated that the \u0394fis mutant exhibited enhanced biofilm formation and greater adherence to A549 lung epithelial cells compared to the wild-type strain. These effects were restored to wild-type levels in the cis-complemented strain. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed that Fis directly binds to the regulatory regions upstream of both mrkA and mrkH, indicating that repression occurs through direct interaction with the promoter. In summary, our findings show that Fis acts as a transcriptional repressor of mrkA and mrkH, thereby negatively regulating the expression of type 3 fimbriae, biofilm formation, and adherence. This study highlights Fis as a direct regulator of fimbrial expression and biofilm development in K. pneumoniae, deepening our understanding of its virulence regulatory network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13112591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T09:06:36Z","timestamp":1763111196000},"page":"2591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Nucleoid-Associated Protein Fis Represses Type 3 Fimbriae to Modulate Biofilm and Adherence Formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Santa","family":"Mejia-Ventura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Posgrado en Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1773-1657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Soria-Bustos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Detecci\u00f3n Biomolecular, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Puebla 72592, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9267-9702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Chimal-C\u00e1zares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9519-8766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Rosales-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6909-2941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A.","family":"De la Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Detecci\u00f3n Biomolecular, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Puebla 72592, Mexico"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Puebla 72410, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge A.","family":"Ya\u00f1ez-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Detecci\u00f3n Biomolecular, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Puebla 72592, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria L.","family":"Cedillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Detecci\u00f3n Biomolecular, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Puebla 72592, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Castillo-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico 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